Can state education constitute as a service

Question 1

Belgium v Humber

Answer 1

ECJ: state education does not constitute as a service in return for remuneration (reason: general duty to citizens, not a commercial contract)

Question 2

Wirth v Landeshauptstadt Hannover

Answer 2

State funded higher education did not fall within article 56 - but for higher education financed essentially out of private funds - then fall within the ambit of article 56

Question 3

Gravier v City of Liege

Answer 3

ECJ held that there was a right to equal access to vocational training provided by the member state