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AP BIO > Campbell and Reece Chapter 54 > Flashcards

Campbell and Reece Chapter 54 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecosystems

A

individual communities and their abiotic communities

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2
Q

Ecosystem interaction is complex because…

A

there are abiotic factors and biotic factors

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3
Q

Energy flow

A

passage of energy through an ecosystem

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4
Q

Primary producers

A

autotrophs, producers, form the beginning of the food chain by capturing the sun’s energy through photosynthesis

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5
Q

__ are most critical on land, ___ in aquatic environments

A

plants, algae/cyanobacteria

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6
Q

consumers

A

heterotrophs, organisms that extract energy from organic molecules produced by other organisms

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7
Q

herbivores

A

consumers that consume plants

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8
Q

carnivores

A

consumers that consume other animals

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9
Q

omnivores

A

consumers that consume both plants and animals

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10
Q

detritivores

A

eat detritus

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11
Q

detritus

A

dead organic matter that includes animals’ carcasses, leaf litter, and feces

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12
Q

decomposers (saprotrophs)

A

microbial heterotrophs that supply themselves with energy by breaking down organic molecules in the remains of all members of the food chain

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13
Q

food web

A

complex of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem

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14
Q

trophic levels

A

levels of predation organization

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15
Q

ecological pyramid

A

graphical representation of the relative energy found at each trophic level

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16
Q

pyramid of numbers

A

shows the number of organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem, with a larger area illustrating greater numbers for that section of the pyramid

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17
Q

pyramid of biomass

A

illustrates the total biomass at each successive trophic level

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18
Q

biomass

A

quantitative estimate of the total mass, or amount, of living mater; it indicates the amount of fixed energy at a particular time

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19
Q

pyramid of energy

A

indicates the energy content, often expressed as kilocalories per square meter per year, of the biomass of each trophic level

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20
Q

gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

rate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis in an ecosystem

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21
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

energy that remains in plant tissues after cellular respiration has occurred

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22
Q

secondary productivity

A

energy available for biomass production by consumer organisms

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23
Q

factors affecting primary productivity

A
  • efficiency of plants
  • availability of resources
  • severity of human modification on environment
  • degree of maturity of environment
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24
Q

primary productivity and species richness are __

A

inversely related

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25
Q

reasons primary productivity and species richness are inversely related

A
  • less productive > patchy distribution of resources > reduced competition
  • fertilizers increasing productivity
  • ocean depths > resource poor
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26
Q

three characteristics that describe toxins

A

persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification

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27
Q

persistence

A

characteristics of toxins that describes toxins that are extremely stable and may take many years to break down into less toxic forms

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28
Q

bioaccumulation

A

buildup of toxin in an organism’s body

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29
Q

biological magnification

A

increase in concentration as the toxin passes through successive levels of the food web

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30
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

cycle that describes the movement of matter from one organism to another and from living organisms to the abiotic and back again

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31
Q

four biogeochemical cycles

A

carbon, hydrologic, nitrogen, phosphorous

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32
Q

What percent of the atmosphere is CO2?

A

0.04%

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33
Q

What forms of carbon are in the carbon cycle?

A

CO3/2- and HCO3/-

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34
Q

Carbon cycle

A

global movement of carbon between the abiotic environment, including the atmosphere and ocean, and organisms is known as the carbon cycle

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35
Q

steps of the carbon cycle

A
  1. Producers fix CO2 into complex organic compounds
  2. Cellular respiration returns CO2 to the atmosphere
  3. Coal beds store carbon
  4. Marine organisms produced underground deposits of oil/natural gas
  5. Combustion returns carbon in oil, natural gas, and wood to atmosphere
  6. Stored in shells of marine organisms (forms limestone at death)
  7. geological uplift exposes limestone
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36
Q

fossil fuels

A

vast deposits of carbon compounds, the end products of photosynthesis that occurred millions of years ago

37
Q

Nitrogen facts

A
  • part of proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
  • atmosphere is 78%
  • N2 is so stable > takes a lot of energy to break bonds
38
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

cycle in which nitrogen cycles between the abiotic environment and organisms

39
Q

steps of nitrogen cycle

A
  1. nitrogen fixation using nitrogenase and heterocyst’s
  2. nitrification to convert nitrates
  3. assimilation for roots to absorb
  4. ammonification to form ammonium ions
  5. denitrification to reduce to gaseous nitrogen
40
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia (NH3)

41
Q

nitrogenase

A

enzyme employed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to break up molecular nitrogen and combine the resulting nitrogen atoms with hydrogen

42
Q

nodules

A

oxygen-excluding swellings on the roots of legumes such as beans and peas and some woody plants that nitrogenase lives in

43
Q

leghemoglobin

A

oxygen-binding protein similar to hemoglobin that provides bacteria with enough oxygen to respire

44
Q

nitrification

A

the conversion of ammonia or ammonium to nitrates

45
Q

assimilation

A

process in which roots absorb ammonia, ammonium, or nitrates that nitrogen fixation and nitrification formed and incorporate the nitrogen into proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll

46
Q

ammonification

A

conversion of organic nitrogen compounds into ammonia and ammonium ions

47
Q

ammonifying bacteria

A

bacteria that perform ammonification in both the soil and aquatic environments

48
Q

denitrification

A

reduction of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen (N2)

49
Q

nitrogen oxides

A

oxides produced from atmospheric nitrogen due to high temperature of combustion

50
Q

photochemical smog

A

mixture of several air pollutants that injure plant tissues, irritate eyes, and cause respirator problems

51
Q

acid deposition

A

process in which acids such as nitric acid and nitrous acids leave the atmosphere

52
Q

effects of acid deposition

A
  • decreases pH of surface water
  • promotes global warming
  • depletion of ozone in the atmosphere
  • alters soil chemistry
53
Q

phosphorous cycle

A

cycle in which phosphorous cycles between terrestrial and aquatic environments

54
Q

phosphorous does not exist in ___ state, never enters __

A

gaseous, atmosphere

55
Q

steps of phosphorous cycle

A

1) erosion through runoff releasing inorganic phosphate
2) Phosphate is absorbed by roots
3) Algae/aquatic plants absorb dissolved phosphates in aquatic environments
4) Phosphate is lost to ocean thru rivers/streams
5) Uplift resurfaces phosphates as terrestrial surfaces to be eroded
6) Mined for agricultural use in fertilizers

56
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

cycle in which water continuously circulates from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean

57
Q

water facts/importance

A
  • medium for chemical reactions

- transport of materials within cells

58
Q

steps of hydrologic cycle

A
  1. Precipitation - atmosphere > land
  2. Evaporation - water > clouds
  3. Transpiration - water vapor > atmosphere (97%)
  4. Water flows in rivers/streams to estuaries
  5. Water percolates and becomes groundwater
59
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapor to the atmosphere (roughly 97%)

60
Q

estuaries

A

area where fresh water meets the ocean

61
Q

runoff

A

movement of surface water from land to ocean

62
Q

watershed

A

area of land drained by runoff

63
Q

aquifers

A

underground caverns and porous layers of rock in which groundwater is stored

64
Q

aquifer depletion

A

human removal of more groundwater than precipitation or melting snow recharges

65
Q

bottom-up processes

A

processes based on food webs that have producers at the first trophic level

66
Q

top-down processes (trophic cascade)

A

processes that regulate ecosystem function by trophic interactions, particularly from the highest trophic level

67
Q

abiotic environmental factors

A

solar radiation, atmosphere, climate, ocean, fire

68
Q

importance of solar radiation

A
  • warms Earth and prevents absolute zero
  • Powers biogeochemical cycles
  • Photosynthesis
  • Fuels represent solar energy
69
Q

Interactions of solar radiation

A
  • less than one billionth hits Earth
  • 30% reflected away immediately
  • 23% runs hydrologic cycle
  • 47% absorbed by atmosphere
  • less than 1% drives wind and currents
70
Q

temperature and solar radiation

A

Earth’s tilt, direction of rays, and deeper envelope of air influence temperature

tilt of Earth influences seasons

71
Q

atmosphere composition

A

oxygen - 21%
nitrogen- 78%
other gases- 1%
- Ar, CO2, Ne, He

72
Q

Functions of atmosphere

A
  • shields UV rays

- controls temperature

73
Q

wind and atmosphere

A
  • winds result from different atmospheric pressures and Earth’s rotation
  • blows from high to low pressure
  • rotation influences direction
74
Q

Winds

A

complex horizontal movements exhibited by the atmosphere

75
Q

Coriolis effect

A

tendency of moving air to be deflected from its path by Earth’s rotation

76
Q

ocean currents

A

mass movements of surface ocean water produced by persistent prevailing winds blowing over the ocean

77
Q

gyres

A

circular ocean currents generated by prevailing winds

78
Q

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

periodic warming of surface waters of the tropical eastern Pacific that alters both oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns and results in unusual weather in area far from the tropics

79
Q

upwelling

A

process in which nutrients come to the surface with deeper, colder waters

80
Q

climate definition

A

average weather conditions ,plus extremes (records), that occur in a given place over a period of years

81
Q

rain shadows

A

dry lands on the sides of the mountains away from the prevailing wind

82
Q

microclimates

A

local variations in climate

83
Q

causes of microclimates

A

differences in elevation, steepness and direction of slopes > exposure to sunlight and prevailing winds

84
Q

wildfires

A

fires started by lightning

85
Q

effect of fires on organisms

A
  • combustion frees mineral in dry organic matter
  • removes plant cover and exposes soil
  • causes increased soil erosion
86
Q

controlled burning

A

tool of ecological management in which the undergrowth and plant litter are deliberately burned under controlled conditions before they have accumulated to dangerous levels

87
Q

deforestation

A

clearance of large expanses of forest for agriculture or other uses

88
Q

ecosystem mangement

A

a conservation approach that emphasizes restoring and maintaining the quality of an entire ecosystem rather than the conservation of individual species

AP BIO (5 decks)

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