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AP BIO > Campbell and Reece Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Campbell and Reece Chapter 52 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

study of how living organisms and the physical environment interact in an immense and complicated web of relationships

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2
Q

Biotic

A

interactions among organisms

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3
Q

Abiotic

A

organisms and non-living, physical environment

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4
Q

Examples of abiotic factors

A
  • Precipitation
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Wind
  • Chemical nutrients
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5
Q

Environmental science

A

study of human interaction with the environment

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6
Q

Levels of organization

A

Species < Population < Community < Ecosystem < Landscape < Biosphere

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7
Q

Population

A

Group consisting of members of the same species that live together in a geographical area

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8
Q

What characterizes populations?

A
  • Population density
  • Population dispersion
  • Natality/Mortality rates
  • Growth rates
  • Survivorship
  • Age Structure
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9
Q

Populations have _____ than communities

A

different properties

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10
Q

Population ecology

A

the number of individuals of a particular species in an area and the dynamics of that population

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11
Q

What do population ecologists study?

A
  • Common processes
  • Interactions with environment
  • Competition for resources
  • Limiting factors
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12
Q

population dynamics

A

study of changes in populations

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13
Q

What is studied in population dynamics?

A
  • Reproductive success or failure
  • Evolution
  • Genetics
  • Effect on normal communities/ecosystems
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14
Q

Population density

A

number of individuals of specie per unit of area or volume at a given time (may vary from season to season)

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15
Q

Dispersion

A

characteristic spacing of species relative to one another

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16
Q

Three types of dispersion

A
  • random
  • clumped
  • uniform
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17
Q

Random dispersion

A

occurs when individuals in a population are spaced throughout an area in a manner that is unrelated to the presence of others

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18
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

concentrated individuals

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19
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

evenly spaced

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20
Q

Pros of clumped dispersion

A
  • Social animals derive benefits from association

- fish schooling to deter predators

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21
Q

Cons of clumped dispersion

A
  • patchy distribution of resources

- limited seed dispersal or asexual reproduction (plants)

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22
Q

What are changes in population size defined by?

A

Natality
Mortality
Dispersal

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23
Q

Natality

A

birth rate

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24
Q

Mortality

A

death rate

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25
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals among populations

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26
Q

Immigration

A

individuals enter population increasing size

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27
Q

emigration

A

individuals leave population decreasing size

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28
Q

Intrinsic rate of increase

A

maximum growth rate a population could sustain considering limiting factors

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29
Q

Factors that determine growth rate

A
  • fraction of life span when reproductive
  • age where reproduction begins
  • number of reproductive periods per lifetime
  • number of offspring from each period
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30
Q

Generally, ___ species have __ intrinsic rates while ___ species have ____ intrinsic rates

A

large-low, small-high

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31
Q

How is intrinsic value displayed?

A

exponential curve

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32
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

largest population that can be maintained for an indefinite period by a given environment

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33
Q

Logistical population growth

A

curve is graphed as an “S” curve once limits are reached

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34
Q

two types of limiting factors

A

density-independent

density-dependent

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35
Q

Density-independent

A

factor is not altered by population density

36
Q

Examples of density-independent

A

Frost, blizzard, hurricane

37
Q

Density-dependent

A

factor is altered by population density

38
Q

Effects of density-dependent

A
  • negative feedback system
  • affects large proportion of population
  • raises or lowers natality/mortality
39
Q

Examples of density-dependent

A

Predation, disease, competition

40
Q

Competition

A

interaction among two or more individuals that attempt to use the same essential resource

41
Q

Examples of resources that lead to competition

A

Food, water, sunlight

42
Q

Four types of competition

A
  • intraspecific
  • interspecific
  • interference competition
  • exploitation competition
43
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

competition within population

44
Q

interspecific competition

A

multiple populations

45
Q

interference competition (contest)

A

dominant individuals overtake limited resources of other individuals

46
Q

Exploitation competition (scramble)

A

resources are shared so at high population densities none of them obtains enough

47
Q

Semelparous

A

species that expend energy in a single, immense reproductive effort

48
Q

Examples of semelparity

A

agaves, pacific salmon

49
Q

Iterparous

A

exhibit repetitive reproductive cycles

50
Q

Examples of iteroparity

A

vertebrates, perennial herbaceous plants, shrubs, trees

51
Q

How does timing affect iteroparity?

A

Early- not enough energy for growth

Late- no opportunity for multiple cycles

52
Q

Fecundity

A

potential capacity to produce offspring

53
Q

Fitness

A

ability of an organism to reproduce successfully

54
Q

r strategists

A

high per capita growth rate

55
Q

specs of r strategists

A
  • Small body size
  • Early maturity
  • Short life span
  • Large broods
  • Little parental care
  • Found in variable, opportunistic habitats
56
Q

examples of r strategists

A

mosquitoes and dandelions

57
Q

k strategists

A

maximize chances of survival

58
Q

specs of k strategists

A
  • Do not produce large numbers of offspring
  • Large body size
  • Slow development
  • Long life spans
  • Late reproduction
  • Low reproductive rate
  • Found in stable environments
  • Parental care
59
Q

Life table

A

shows mortality and survival data of population or cohort

60
Q

Cohort

A

a group of individuals at the same age

61
Q

Survivorship

A

probability that an individual in a population or cohort will survive to a given age

62
Q

survivorship curve

A

logarithm based graph that displays the number of survivors over time

63
Q

type I survivorship curve

A

younger cohorts and reproductive ages have highest probability of survival

64
Q

type II survivorship curve

A

all cohorts have the same mortality rate

65
Q

type III survivorship curve

A

older cohorts have higher chance of survival

66
Q

landscape

A

natural heterogeneous landscape consisting of interacting ecosystems that provide a variety of habit patches

67
Q

Metapopulation

A

population divided into several populations among which individuals occasionally disperse

68
Q

Spatial distribution occurs because…

A

different habitats vary in suitability

69
Q

source habitats

A

areas where local reproductive success is greater than mortality

70
Q

source population effect

A

greater population densities, surplus individuals relocate

71
Q

sink habitat

A

local reproductive success is less than local mortality

72
Q

sink population effect

A

no immigration, extinction follows

73
Q

human population is growing rapidly because…

A

decrease in mortality rates, due to food production, medicine, and sanitation

74
Q

highly developed countries characteristics

A

longer life expectancies, lower birth rates, lower infant mortality rates

75
Q

moderately developed countries characteristics

A

medium life expectancies, medium birth rates, medium infant mortality rates

76
Q

less developed countries characteristics

A

high birth rates, high infant mortality rates, short life expectancies

77
Q

replacement-level fertility

A

number of children a couple must spawn to replace themselves

78
Q

replacement-level in highly developed countries

A

2.0

79
Q

replacement-level in developing countries

A

2.7

80
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children born to a woman during a lifetime (2.7 avg)

81
Q

doubling time

A

amount of time it would take for a country’s population to double

82
Q

age structure

A

number and proportion of people at each age in a population

83
Q

age structure diagram

A

number of females and males at each age in a population

84
Q

population growth momentum

A

large number of 0 to 14 aged people who will become parents and are a larger group leading to more offspring

85
Q

relationships between environment and population growth

A
  • rapidly growing population depletes resources

- high desires exhausts resources quickly

86
Q

people overpopulation

A

when environment is worsening from too many people

87
Q

consumption overpopulation

A

when each individual consumes too large a share of resources

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