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AP BIO > Campbell and Reece Chapter 53 > Flashcards

Campbell and Reece Chapter 53 Flashcards

1
Q

succession

A

process of community development which involves species in one stage being replaced by different species

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2
Q

primary succession

A

change in species composition over time in a habitat which was not previously inhabited by organisms

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3
Q

secondary succession

A

change in species composition after a disturbance removes previous vegetation (soil is present)

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4
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

species richness is greatest at moderate levels of disturbance

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5
Q

orgasmic model (Clement)

A

cooperative view of the community, the stresses the interaction of members, which tend to cluster in tightly knit groups within discrete community borders

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6
Q

individualistic model (Gleason)

A

each species has its own abiotic living requirements, not dependent on associations of organisms

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7
Q

community

A

consists of different species that live and interact in the same place at the same time

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8
Q

ecosystem

A

biological community and its abiotic environment

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9
Q

community structure

A

characteristic properties in communities that populations lack

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10
Q

examples of community structure

A 
○ Types and numbers of species present
○ Relative abundance of each species
○ Interaction among different species
○ Community resilience to disturbances
○ Energy/nutrient flow throughout the community
- Productivity
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11
Q

community ecology

A

description and analysis of patterns and processes in a wide variety of communities

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12
Q

facilitation

A

species that interact in positive ways which modifies and enhances the local environment of other species

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13
Q

competition

A

occurs when two or more individuals attempt to use the same essential resource

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14
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition within the population

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15
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition outside the population

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16
Q

resource partitioning

A

reduced competition among coexisting species because of each species’ niche differing from the others in one or more ways

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17
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

hypothesized that one species excludes another from its niche as a result of interspecific competition

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18
Q

character displacement

A

divergence in traits of two species living in the same geographic area

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19
Q

predation

A

consumption of one species

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20
Q

prey

A

species eaten during predation

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21
Q

predator

A

species eating during predation

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22
Q

prey defense techniques

A
  • chemical protection
  • physical protection
  • aposematic coloration
  • cryptic coloration
  • batesian mimicry
  • Mullerian mimicry
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23
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

conspicuous colors or patterns which advertise a species’ un-palatability to potential predators

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24
Q

cryptic coloration

A

colors or markings that help hide from predators by blending into their physical surroundings

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25
Batesian mimicry
a form of defense where a defenseless species is protected from predation by its resemblence to a species that is dangerous in some way
26
Mullerian mimicry
different species, all of which are poisonous or harmful, resemble one another so that predators more easily identify the one aposematic coloration
27
Predator tactics
pursuit, ambush
28
coevolution
interdependent evolution of two species
29
symbiosis
intimate relationship or association between two or more members of a species
30
mutualism
symbiotic relationship in which both symbionts benefit
31
commensalism
symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont is benefited and the other is neither helped nor harmed
32
obligate mutualism
mutualism that is essential to the survival of both symbionts
33
facultative mutualism
mutualism in which either symbiont can live on its own under certain condititions
34
Examples of mutualism
nitrogen fixing bacteria and legume reef-building animals and zooxanthellae mycorrhizae
35
mycorrhizae
mutualistic associations between fungi and the roots of plants
36
parasitism
symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont is benefited and the other is harmed
37
parasite
benefits from parasitism
38
host
harmed by parasites in parasitism
39
pathogen
parasite that causes disease and sometimes the death of its host
40
ectoparasites
ticks and other parasites that live outside of the host's body
41
endoparasites
parasites like tapeworms that live within the host's body
42
Entamoeba histolytica
amoebic dysentery
43
Plasmodium
an apicomplexan that causes malaria
44
ecological niche
a species' ecological role within the structure and function of a community
45
factors a niche considers
abiotic and biotic parts of existence habitat, predation, and competition interaction with abiotic factors
46
fundamental niche
potential ecological niche of a species
47
realized niche
lifestyle a species actually pursues and the resources it actually uses
48
habitat
local environment in which a species lives
49
structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations...
determine tolerance for environmental extremes
50
limiting resource
any environmental resource that because it is scare or unfavorable tends to restrict the ecological niche of species
51
examples of limiting resources
soil's mineral content temperature extremes precipitation amounts
52
keystone species
certain species that are crucial in determining the nature of the entire community (its species composition and ecosystem functioning)
53
characteristics of keystone species
- usually not the most abundant - often affect the amount of limiting resources - difficult to measure direct and indirect impacts on ecosystem - many are apex predators
54
dominant species
greatly affect the community because they are very common
55
examples of dominant species
- trees in a forest - cordgrass in salt marshes - coral in coral reefs
56
species richness
number of species in a community
57
factors determining number of species
``` structural complexity of habitats geographic isolation habitat stress closeness to the margins of adjacent communities geological history ```
58
species richness is ___ related to geographic isolation why?
inversely distance effect isolated areas are smaller and have fewer niches
59
distance effect
difficulty encountered by many species in reaching and successfully colonizing the island
60
species richness is ___ related to environmental stress; why?
inversely; species richness- energy hypothesis
61
species richness- energy hypothesis
suggests that different latitudes affect species richness because of variations in solar energy
62
species richness is ___ related to closeness to margins of communities; why?
directly; more ecological niches because of being in the ecotone
63
ecotone
transitional zone where two or more communities meet
64
species richness is ___ related to structural complexity; why?
directly; greater complexity= more niches to fill
65
species richness is ___ related to less disturbed, stable communities
directly; time hypothesis
66
time hypothesis
idea that older, more stable habitats have greater species richness than habitats subjected to frequent widespread disturbances
67
disturbance
any event in time that disrupts community or population structure
68
community stability
ability of a community to withstand disturbances
69
species diversity-
measure of the relative importance of each species within a community
70
diversity indices
mathematical expression to represent species diversity

AP BIO (5 decks)

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