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history > campaigns and elections Test > Flashcards

campaigns and elections Test Flashcards

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1
Q

General Election

A

contests between opposing candidates of different parties & independents (local, state, nat’l)

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2
Q

Recall election

A

special election to remove an incumbent from office ** rare! **

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3
Q

Ballot measures

A

public gets to directly vote on laws, amendments, etc
direct democracy

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4
Q

Initiatives

A

proposed law/changes from citizens that are voted on by citizens

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5
Q

Referendums

A

proposed by legislators voted on by citizens

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6
Q

open primaries

A

any voter (regardless of party) can participate in the party’s primary election

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7
Q

closed primaries

A

only registered \ pledged party members can vote in their party’s primary

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8
Q

cross over voting

A

voting in primary when you aren’t member
** common **

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9
Q

party Raiding

A

organized effort to crossover by opposing party to pick weakest candidate
rare

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10
Q

proportional delegate allocation

A

award delegates based on proportion of votes received in each state (pledged)

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11
Q

superdelegates

A

party leaders, establishment elites, elected Dems
unpledged (free) delegates can vote for whoever at DNC (not bound to any candidate)

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12
Q

hybrid delegate allocation

A

combination of winner take all and proportional
ex: overall winner gets half to start, then rest are awarded proportionally

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13
Q

Caucus

A

like primary but requires more time, in depth, tailored to party activists, relatively rare
stand around and vote with hands \ body

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14
Q

Front-loading

A

all other states changing their primaries to earlier dates b/c they see the attention that IA and NH get

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15
Q

supertuesday

A

many primaries on one day (including VA); in 2016 it was on March 1st

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16
Q

open seat

A

general election where both candidates don’t currently hold the seat

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17
Q

incumbent

A

current office holder (faces a “challenger” for their seat)

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18
Q

incumbents are able to raise ___________________
than challengers (because they are already in office and more likely to win)

A

more money

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19
Q

PACs

A

political action commities

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20
Q

name recognition

A

incumbents are usually better
known to the voters than are challengers

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21
Q

Incumbents get to use __________
tax dollars for transportation costs

A

Public

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22
Q

pork

A

“bring home the bacon”

23
Q

earmarks

A

provisions (finding) in laws that designate specific projects or funding in their districts

24
Q

franking

A

members of
congress get to mail newsletters to constituents at gov’s expense

25
Q

Incumbency continuity encourages close relationships between members and____________

A

interest groups (they like to work with the same person)

26
Q

single member districts

A

One person is chosen to represent the entire district

27
Q

process where a majority party in a state
legislature redraws congressional districts and state districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for its candidates

A

gerrymandering

28
Q

Consequences of Gerrymandering

A
  1. benefits incumbents
  2. hurts challengers
  3. strengthens majority party and weakens minority
    4.decreases/increases minority rep
29
Q

representation is close to actual population’s preferences

A

fair district lines

30
Q

sweetheart district

A

districts designed to protect incumbents with easy elections

31
Q

cracking

A

hides minority in majority districts, increase majority party power

32
Q

Packing

A

puts majority into easy districts, dilutes their power overall

33
Q

wesberry v. sanders

A

drawing congressional districts (gave cities and suburbs greater representation)

34
Q

voting districts must be

A

equally populated, compact in a normal shape,
district lines must have a common boarder and uninterrupted,
cannot dilute minority voting,
cannot be drawn based on race.

35
Q

media’s functions:

A

entertainment
news reporting
and creating political forums

36
Q

Yellow journalism

A

irresponsible, not well researched, sensationalist material (late 1800s)…the original “fake news”

37
Q

nuckracking

A

focus on exposing gov today: media provides varying amounts of “news”

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results
covering protests

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

38
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

39
Q

Mass media connects people to their government officials by….

A

interviewing citizens
presenting poll results

40
Q

Agenda Setting

A

consists of issues that attract serious attention of public officials

41
Q

How is the media a gatekeeper?

A

If an issue is not shown on the media, no one will care and will not get on policy agendas

42
Q

campaigns are more centered on ___________ than ____________

A

candidates than issues

43
Q

soundbites

A

repeat and that the media will air (avg 7.8 seconds in length) has replaced in depth debate or intricate detailed interviews

44
Q

Gaffes

A

linguistic errors or bizarre behaviors of candidates get tons of media attention

45
Q

horse race journalism

A

focus on how candidates stand in polls and how the polls have changed vs any coverage of their positions on issues

46
Q

How do you WIN a campaign?

A

Debates ( appear calm, confidant)
talking points/soundbites
avoid gaffes
use spin (writing off gaffes and using media to their advantage)

history (15 decks)

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