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Large Animal > Camelids > Flashcards

Camelids Flashcards

1
Q

camelids family

A

camlidae

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2
Q

why are camelids split from ruminants?

A

they have differences related to their evolution to specific ecosystems

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3
Q

which camelids are old world?

A

camels

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4
Q

which camelids are new world?

A

llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco
particularly from Andes mountains

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5
Q

what is the main way you can tell the difference between llamas and alpacas?

A

llamas have a straight nose instead of concave

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6
Q

cria

A

baby camelid

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7
Q

gelding

A

castrated male camelid

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8
Q

what type of foot do camelids have?

A

artiodactyls
2 toed

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9
Q

what is the sub-order that camelids are apart of under artiodactyla?

A

tylopoda = calloused foot

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10
Q

guanaco scientific name

A

lama guanicoe

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11
Q

vicuna scientific name

A

lama vicugna

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12
Q

who are llamas and alpacas relatives of?

A

they are domesticated relatives of Guanacos

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13
Q

guanacos classification

A

critically endangered in Peru and vulnerable in Chile

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14
Q

why are the guanacos’ range been severely decreasing?

A

foraging competition, over-hunting for pelts, habitat degradation from humans

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15
Q

vicunas

A

closely related to alpacas and are the smallest of the camelids family
small slender deer-like creature

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16
Q

what are vicunas known for?

A

their super soft fleece and they are hunted for their wool

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17
Q

vicunas classification

A

endangered
only a certain number can be sheared each year

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18
Q

llama scientific name

A

lama glama

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19
Q

alpaca scientific name

A

lama pacos

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20
Q

where are most camelids from?

A

South America

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21
Q

who are llamas domesticated from?

A

guanacos

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22
Q

who are alpacas domesticated from?

A

they are a type of domesticated guanaco raised for its soft wool

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23
Q

llama physical characteristics

A

longer, curved, banana-like ears
2x size of alpaca
can get up to 400 lbs
longer, straighter face
coarse outer coat with fine undercoat

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24
Q

alpaca physical characteristics

A

shorter, straighter, more pointy ears
squashed face with dished nose
have more hair on face and head so they look cute and fluffy
finer hair that is dense and fast growing

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25
Q

llama function

A

used as pack-carrying animals and for meat

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26
Q

alpaca function

A

used for wool since they have fine fur

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27
Q

alpaca temperament

A

nervous disposition

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28
Q

llama temperament

A

more prone to spitting when they feel threatened

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29
Q

what is created through inbreeding of llamas and alpacas?

A

huarizos

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30
Q

digestive system

A

ability to thrive in harsh, dry, nutrient-poor environments where ruminants can’t

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31
Q

esophagus length and where does it connect?

A

can be up to 4 ft long and connects to the 1st stomach compartment

32
Q

process of eating

A
  1. initial mastication: consists of only enough chewing to mix food with saliva to form a bolus for swallowing
  2. cud propelled from 1st gastric compartment back up esophagus into mouth to decrease particle size and increase surface area for microbial digestion
  3. rechewed and mixed with saliva
33
Q

what are their 3 stomach compartments?

A

C1: similar to rumen
C2: similar to reticulum
C3: similar to abomasum

33
Q

dental characteristics

A

have grooved upper lip
cleft upper lip for foraging grasses and bark (each half moves independently)
have upper dental pad
have fighting tooth

34
Q

which animal do camelids share similarities with in their dental structure?

A

rabbits

35
Q

fighting tooth

A

upper incisor migrated caudally in the jaw
looks like upper canines
usually removed in males with gigli wire

36
Q

what are the 2 domesticated old world camelus species?

A

dromedary and Bactrian
dromedary: 1-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius
Bactrian: 2-humped camel, Camelus bactrianus

37
Q

dromedary

A

most important livestock in North Africa and middle East
called “Arabian camel”
used for milk, meat, hides, and transport

38
Q

Bactrian

A

seen in cold deserts of Asia
stockier and have thicker wool

39
Q

camels and dehydration

A

well adapted to dehydration in harsh desert conditions
can store heat in humps due to the humps being made up of stored fat; heat stored in humps during day dissipate into the rest of the body during cold nights

40
Q

normal feces/urine appearance

A

feces are very dry
kidneys can rid the body of extremely concentrated urine

41
Q

humps storing fat

A

the stored fat in humps can be metabolized when food/water is scarce
hump diminishes as they use up the fat but will refill once they eat and drink again

42
Q

camels’ protection from sand

A

clear nictition membranes and 2 rows of long eyelashes protect eyes
can shut nostrils during sandstorms

43
Q

camel physical characteristics

A

~ 6ft tall
Bactrian can weigh over 2,000lbs, dromedary can weight ~ 1,000lbs

44
Q

camel gestation

A

12-14 months

45
Q

camel maturation age and lifespan

A

fully mature at 7 years and live ~ 17 years

46
Q

RBCs

A

oval shaped which helps keep blood flowing even when dehydrated; long axis of cells is oriented with blood flow
can expand up to 240% without rupturing which makes it possible for camel to drink large amounts of water to recover from dehydration

47
Q

camel spitting

A

they are throwing up some of their stomach contents when they spit

48
Q

are camelids classified as predators or prey?

A

prey animals
show minimal signs of pain signs so less is more restraint

49
Q

camelid herds

A

led by dominant male and many of the other males form bachelor herds

50
Q

camelid sociability

A

very social and like to greet each other by blowing in each other’s faces

51
Q

kushing

A

tucking rear legs under body

52
Q

parasitism

A

some degree of GI parasites always present; goal is to keep the numbers low

53
Q

which parasites are common in camelids?

A

Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Trichuirs, Nematodirus, Coccidia

54
Q

common parasite CS

A

pale mm, weight loss, exercise intolerance, peripheral edema (bottle jaw, swollen vulva or scrotum), loose stool, weakness, down animals

55
Q

which test is often used to monitor the herd for parasites?

A

FAMACH

56
Q

what is deworming based on?

A

burden due to avoiding resistance to dewormer

57
Q

what are a couple ways to prevent parasite outbreaks?

A

manage dung piles and rotate pastures if possible

58
Q

meningeal worm

A

“brain worm”
neurologic disease carried by white-tailed deer
intermediate host: snail
larvae migrate from stomach to spinal column causing inflammation

59
Q

meningeal worm CS

A

hindlimb weakness, ataxia that progresses to inability to walk and ultimately a down animal

60
Q

meningeal worm preventative

A

Ivermectin monthly during July-November in high risk areas may be needed but could cause resistance

61
Q

coccidia

A

healthy camelids will naturally keep in check but young camelids, camelids with poor nutrition, stressed, and camelids with other disease may be more susceptible
an increased amount of coccidia causes cells lining intestine to rupture which leads to diarrhea, dehydration, appetite loss, bloody diarrhea

62
Q

coccidia treatment

A

Corid (Amprolium)
can also use as prevention
inhibits coccidia reproduction which allows the camelid’s immune system to take care of the infection
can also use Albon (Sulfadimethoxine) instead

63
Q

which coccidia is a specific large coccidian that impacts S. American camelids?

A

E. mac or big mac

64
Q

heat stress in alpacas

A

must have access to shade, water, fans, and water spraying devices
heat exchange in camelids occurs from its underside so avoid dousing top of fleece as it tends to form an insulating layer that traps humidity

65
Q

when should alpacas be sheared?

A

early spring to prevent heat stress

66
Q

what does stress predispose alpacas to?

A

stomach ulcers

67
Q

signs of stress in alpacas

A

teeth grinding, excessive salivation, anorexia, regurgitation, laying down a lot due to stomach pain, very black stools

68
Q

Mycoplasma haemolamae

A

globally endemic in camelids
most healthy animals mount an immune response and clear it
associated with mild to marked anemia and rarely death in stressed, immune-suppressed, and debilitated camelids
disease precipitated by shipping or movement to enclosure

69
Q

Mycoplasma haemolamae transmission

A

biting insects, needles, equipment, and possibly in utero

70
Q

what sample should be submitted when investigating a Mycoplasma haemolamae infection?

A

fresh blood smears since organisms only lightly attach to RBCs

71
Q

Mycoplasma haemolamae treatment

A

long-acting tetracyclines
doesn’t fully clear the infection but improves anemia

72
Q

choanal atresia

A

congenital abnormality
caused by failure of inner nares (choanae) to open during embryologic development
respiratory distress is visible during nursing
most widespread defect

73
Q

wry face

A

congenital abnormality
lateral deviation of the maxilla, mandible may or may not have a similar deviation
when there is severe occlusion of nares and lack of apposition of incisors and dental pad, euthanasia is usually necessary

74
Q

polydactyl

A

congenital abnormality
more than 2 toes

75
Q

what is the most lethal Clostridium in camelids?

A

Clostridium perfringens type A

76
Q

clinical signs of peritonitis and plueritis in alpacas may indicate _____

A

alpaca fever (Streptococcus zooepidemicus)

Large Animal (15 decks)

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