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Anatomy #5! > Camelid Anatomy > Flashcards

Camelid Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Camelid Classification- Order

A

Order Artiodactyla

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2
Q

Camelid classification suborder

A

Suborder Tylopoda

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3
Q

Camelid classification- family

A

Family Camelidae

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4
Q

Camelid classification- Genus

A

1.Genus camelus (old world camelids)

  1. Genus Lama
  2. Genus Vicugna (New world camelids- alpacas)
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5
Q

Camelid gastrointestinal

A

Pseudo-ruminant= 3 chambers

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6
Q

Lama Guanicoe

A

-wild species
-white ventrally, brown dorsally
-population: 605,000 in 1995, 1M presently
-Altiplano of Peru and Bolivia, Patagonia

-progenitor of domestic llamas

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7
Q

Vicugna vicugna population

A

-endangered species
>6000 in 1974- 350,000 in 2008

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8
Q

Vicugna vicugna

A

-smaller, fine boned
-poached for its fine fiber
-primarily in Peru and Bolivia
-progenitor of domestic alpacas - reason why alpacas have such fine fiber

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9
Q

Lama glama (llama) types

A

1.Kara type- light wool

  1. Chaku type- wooly
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10
Q

Vicugna pacos (alpaca) types

A

1.Suri breed- dreadlocks
>least common

2.Huacaya breed- wooly

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11
Q

Old world camels vs Dromedary camel

A

Old world camel- less domesticated

Dromedary camel- highly domesticated

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12
Q

Evolution of camelids

A

-Evolved in North America continent in the plains 40 million years ago

-llama like footprints from Miocene of california (20-5 millions years ago)

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13
Q

Original migration of camelids

A

Movement during the ice ages

1.Bering landbridge (7-5Ma) - move across bering strait movement towards asia

2.Panamanian isthmus (2.5Ma)- move to South America

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14
Q

Extinction of Paracamelus in North America

A

-Camelids moved away from North America.
-Extinct by 1Ma

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15
Q

Extinction of Camelops and Paleolama in South America

A

Extinct by 13Ka

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16
Q

Camelids presence in North America from 13Ka to 1900 AD

A

-no camelids were present in N. America until importations of guanaco hybrids for zoo exhibits in the late 1800s

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17
Q

Guanaco hybrid importation

A

12 guanaco hybrids imported by William Randolph Hearst to populate his estate

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18
Q

Foot and Mouth disease and camelids

A

1930s
led to embargo on South American Hoofed livestock

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19
Q

Camelids quarantine and importation

A

1984
-commercial breeder interest led to thousands of camelids being imported via an extensive quarantine

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20
Q

Camelid population in North America today

A

more than 100,000

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21
Q

What did the original North America camelids look like?

A

-Rama the Cama

-dromedary male and llama female cross (old world crossed with new world)

-similar appearance

-Rama infertile but many crossed individuals can produce fertile offspring in South America

22
Q

Camelid characteristics

A

1.pseudo-ruminant… developed separate from ruminants

2.No horns or antlers

3.have canines in both upper and lower jaws

4.Vertebral artery merges with neural canal in cervical vertebrae

5.Anatomy allowing animal to bend legs beneath the body and rest on its stomach…they can be trained to cush for humans to ride them

6.Presence of nail-covered digital pad rather than hoof

23
Q

Jugular venipuncture of camelid

A

Have thick skin, tough deep fascia,neck muscles, and transverse processes.
>transverse processes come out like wings and curve around providing some protection of the jugular vein and carotid arteries

24
Q

Llama lung

A

-2 lobes on left, 4 lobes on right

-no interlobar fissures

-very smooth external surface

-have tracheal bronchus like ruminants

25
Q

What separates the plica vena cava from the other lobes?

A

Accessory lobe

26
Q

Impression on right lung

A

Cardiac Notch

27
Q

Spleen location in camelids

A

Different to other ruminants. Located caudal to rumen

28
Q

How many ribs does camelids have?

A

12 pairs

29
Q

GI compartments

A

-Esophagus enters between compartment 1 and compartment 2. Gastric groove present and stimulated in same way as other ruminants

-Chamber 2 similar mucosa to reticulum. Fermentation and rumination occurs.

-Chamber 3- true stomach with true proper gastric glands

-

30
Q

GI compartments tissue in camelids

A

-all lines with glandular mucosa. Can see glandular saccules from outside

**different than other ruminants because on abomasum is glandular

31
Q

Defecation of camelids

A

-pellets like sheep

32
Q

Groove separation of compartment 1

A

Transverse pillar/groove separates the 1st compartment into the cranial and caudal sacs

33
Q

Stones found within 1st compartment

A

-normal
-plant accumulations stuck within the sacs

34
Q

Gastric groove differences

A

-only has one lip

35
Q

Interior and exterior of llama stomach

A

Interior: many grooves lining the stomach

Exterior: glandular saccules

36
Q

3rd compartment

A

True glandular stomach
at end

-many longitudinal grooves

37
Q

2nd compartment

A

More of a honey comb appearance

38
Q

Terminal flexure of compartment 3

A

-Various mucosal areas
1.Duodenal ampella
2.Pyloric gland region
3.Proper gastric gland region

-have a torus pyloricus

39
Q

Ascending colon of the llama

A

-Mesentery supporting outer spiral is independent than other parts

-has centripetal and centrifugal arms

40
Q

Llama kidney

A

-similar cortex and medulla to smaller ruminants
-very large medulla region important for loop of henle and water reabsorption

41
Q

Drought resistant dung

A

Dung pellets are very dry (can be used for fire)
- animal is reabsorbing water

42
Q

Spleen of llama

A

-comma shaped
-attached to the caudal aspect of compartment 1
-no retroperitoneal part

43
Q

Liver of llama

A

-pushed off towards the right
-no gallbladder

44
Q

Llama copulation and ovulation

A

Copulation 20-60 mins

Induced ovulators

45
Q

Cyclic reproductive pattern

A

No clear cyclic pattern
-follicular phase has indefinite duration if no copulatory stimulation
-luteal phase is 8-10 days in the nonpregnant animal

46
Q

Fetus location

A

Always carried in the left uterine horn

47
Q

Llama perineum

A

-penis goes to uterus during copulation

-anal genital distance is small

-testes are vertical in perianal region and small
*similar to boar

48
Q

Llama reproductive tract

A

-Large vagina
-vaginal fornix
-cervix and uterine body similar size
-uterine horns
-ovaries

49
Q

3 reproductive states- follicular and luteal

A

1.Unmated: no ovulation, no CL

  1. Vasectomized male:results in ovulation, short lived CL

3.Intact male and pregnancy: ovulation, CL throughout the pregnancy
**protein in male semen absorbed by female and results in ovulation

50
Q

Llama penis

A

-curved tip
-urethral opening rests on top of curved tip

51
Q

Accessory genital glands of llama

A

-ampullae
-prostate
-bulbourethral glands

Anatomy #5! (3 decks)

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