Birds

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

-Class Aves

-Chickens within Order Galliformes

Question 2

Order Galliformes

Answer 2

-heavy bodied, ground feeding birds

-chickens, turkeys, peafowl, pheasants, guinea fowl, quail, grouse

Question 3

Chicken domestication

Answer 3

Domesticated from Reg Junglefowl 8000yrs ago, with contributions from Ceylon, Grey, Green junglefowl

Question 4

Chicken autosomal allele portion from red junglefowl

Answer 4

3/4 of autosomal genes

Question 5

Smallest bird

Answer 5

-Bee hummingbird 5-6cm

Question 6

Largest bird

Answer 6

Common ostrich
*largest eye

Question 7

Wingless bird

Answer 7

Moa
-12 feet tall
-hunted to extinction

Question 8

Cassowary

Answer 8

-most dangerous birds
>throw you off cliff, swim, run, over 6ft tall, sharp claws

Question 9

Largest beaks

Answer 9

1.Australian pelican
2. Sword-billed hummingbird
*relative to body size, excluding tail

Question 10

Bird skeletal differences

Answer 10

1.Modification of thoracic appendicular skeleton into wing

2.Massive sternum

3.Triosseal foramen

Question 11

Modification of thoracic appendage

Answer 11

Starts at shoulder girdle
-thin scapula
-furcula
-coracoid bones

Question 12

Massive sternum

Answer 12

Known as keel
>for attachment of flight muscles
**not present in ostrich, but horse has keel remnant

Question 13

Triosseal foramen

Answer 13

-includes scapula, coracoid, furcula
-foramen allows for flight muscles opposing effects although their location is so similar

Question 14

Carpometacarpus

Answer 14

-carpals and metacarpals fused

Question 15

Main flight muscles

Answer 15

1.Pectoralis- adduction- provides down beat as it attaches ventrally to humerus

2.Supracoracoideus-abduction- sends tendon through foramen allowing it to attach dorsally to create upbeat

Question 16

Fusion of vertebrae

Answer 16

1. Notarium
   -T2 to T5 fused
2. Synsacrum
   -T7 fused with lumbar vertebrae and S1

3.Pygostyle
-fused caudal vertebrae

Question 17

Pelvis

Answer 17

-opening ventrally
*except ostrich its closed to support weight

Question 18

Free vertebrae

Answer 18

T1 and T6 are free vertebrae and not fused
>T6 can be displaced dorsally
>T7 displaced ventrally

*Results in Kinky chicken

Question 19

Pelvic appendage

Answer 19

3 long bones

1.Femur
2.Tibiotarsus
3. Tarsometatarsus

Question 20

Light bones

Answer 20

-thin walls and hollow
-helps with flight
-prone to fractures

Question 21

Bone marrow distribution

Answer 21

Birds are prone to fractures while bending. They have strong torsional strength.

Medullary bone- bone laid down to increase skeleton. Then females will borrow from it.

Question 22

Females borrowing calcium from bone

Answer 22

-Will borrow calcium from medullary bone OR cortex if stores extremely low.
-calcium needed for contractions and egg shell formation

Question 22

Egg binding

Answer 22

Animal retains the egg
>less calcium results in the egg having weaker, softer shells. Also, animal unable to provide necessary contractions of oviduct for getting egg out

Question 22

Digital Tendon locking mechanism

Answer 22

-adaptation for perching with no muscular effort

-tendon in rear of leg is automatically pulled and tightened when leg bends which makes the foot curl tightly around a perch

Question 23

Respiratory System

Answer 23

1.single nasal cavity into oral pharynx
2.passes through glottis (controlled by larynx)
>complete tracheal rings present afterwards
3.moves over syrinx
4.primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, parabronchi

Question 24

Syrinx

Answer 24

-terminal part of trachea and start of primary bronchi

-allow for vocalizations
>tracheal rings attach to median bar to create tympanum which have labia thickenings= vocal cords

**songbirds have ability to control each side individually to provide different sounds (reason why they can sound like multiple birds)

Question 25

Larynx

Answer 25

Cartilage:
1.Right arytenoid cartilage
2. Left arytenoid cartilage
3. Procricoid cartilage
4. Cricoid cartilage

Question 26

Respiratory system

Answer 26

-Use air sacs; unlobed lungs are not expansive so no diaphragm needed so just have a body cavity

Question 27

Air sacs

Answer 27

Typically 8 or 9

1. Interclavicular air sac
2. Anterior/cranial thoracic air sac
3. Posterior/caudal thoracic air sac
   4.Cervical Air Sac
4. Air sac in cavity of humerus

Question 28

Air flow into air sacs (inspiration)

Question 29

Air flow out of air sacs (expiration)

Question 30

Digestive system

Answer 30

1.Crop
2. Proventriculus
3.Ventriculus

Question 31

Crop milk

Answer 31

-lipid filled epithelial cells that desquamate
-lactation in birds controlled by prolactin

-pigeons, flamingos, male emperor penguins

Question 32

Liver and gallbladder

Answer 32

-may or may not have gallbladder

-will dump into the ascending limp of the duodenum loop

Question 33

Cloaca

Answer 33

-common opening of digestion, urinary, reproductive tracts

-includes the coprodeum, urodeum, proctodeum

Question 34

Oviduct in birds

Answer 34

1.infundibulum (short time)
2. Magnum (3 hrs)
3. Isthmus (1.5hrs)
4.Uterus (20hrs)
5.Vagina (5-10mins)

Question 35

Infundibulum

Answer 35

-site of fertilization

-chalaziferous layer

Question 36

Magnum

Answer 36

-about have of total albumen laid down

Question 37

Isthmus

Answer 37

Rest of albumen laid down and membranes between albumen and shell form

Question 38

Uterus

Answer 38

Shell gland- some watery albumen that passes through the membrane

-site of shell and cuticle formation.
**cuticle is reason you don’t need to refrigerate eggs

Question 39

Vagina

Answer 39

Opening will protrude through the vent during egg laying

Question 40

Female bird sperm storage

Answer 40

Female will store sperm within oviduct
>infundibulum, proximal magnum, and the utero-vaginal junction

Question 41

Maximum functional life of sperm in hen oviduct

Answer 41

~1 month