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CYTOGENETICS > CALM 3 > Flashcards

CALM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells.

A

cell cycle

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2
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the stages of the cell cycle are divided into two major phases:

A 
Interphase and 
the mitotic (M) phase.
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3
Q

During ____ , the cell grows and makes a œpy of its DNA.

A

interphase

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4
Q

During the _____phase, the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells.

A

mitotic {M}

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5
Q

cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing Ibr cell division.

A

interphase

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6
Q

The three stages of interphase are called

A

G1, S & G2

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7
Q

also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.

A

G1

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8
Q

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus.

A

s phase

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9
Q

microtubule-organizing structure

A

centrosome

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10
Q

It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome.

A

s phase

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11
Q

the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.

A

G2

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12
Q

ends when mitosis begins.

A

G2 phase

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13
Q

a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself.

A

Mitosis

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14
Q

part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell’s nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.

A

mitosis

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15
Q

Condensed chromosomes take up stains. The spindle assembles, centrioles appear and the nuclear envelope breaks down,

A

prphase

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16
Q

Chromosomes are uncondensed.

Presence of Nucleus and Nucleus.

A

interphase

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17
Q

Chromosomes align

A

metaphase

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18
Q

Centromeres part and chromatids separate

A

anaphase

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19
Q

The spindle disassembles and the nuclear envelope re-forms

A

telophase

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20
Q

has no partition

A

anaphase

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21
Q

Sperm and oocytes are ____ or sex cells.

A

gametes,

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22
Q

Paired structures , called ___ where the sperm and oocytes are manufactured;

A

gonads

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23
Q

Are manufactured in the seminiferous tubules, which wind tightly within the testes, which descend into the scrotum.

A

Sperm cells

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24
Q

dd secretions to the sperm cells to form seminal fluid.

A

prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands

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25
Q

pleasurable sensation

A

orgasm

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26
Q

discharge of sperm from the penis

A

ejaculation

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27
Q

The discharge of sperm from the penis, called ejaculation, delivers about ___sperm cells.

A

200 to 600 million

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28
Q

Once a month after puberty, an ovary releases ___, which is drawn into a nearby uterine tube.

A

one oocyte

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29
Q

If a sperm fertilizes the oocyte in the uterine tube, the fertilized____ continues into the uterus, where for nine months it divides and develops.

A

ovum

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30
Q

form from special cells, called germline cells, in a type of cell division called meiosis that halves the chromosome number.

A

gametes

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31
Q

Gametes contain

A

23 different chromosomes

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32
Q

The first division is called a reduction division

A

meiosis I

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33
Q

equational division

A

meiosis II

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34
Q

it reduces the number of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23.

A

meiosis I

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35
Q

Produces four cells from the two cells formed in the first division by splitting the replicated chromosomes.

A

meiosis II

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36
Q

Replicated chromosomes condense and become visible when stained.

A

PROPHASE I (EARLY)

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37
Q

At this time, the homologs exchange parts in a process called __-

A

crossing over.

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38
Q

Crossing over mixes up paternally and maternally derived genes on ___ _of chromosomes.

A

homologous pairs

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39
Q

Toward the end of Prophase I, chromosomes condense, becoming visible.
Spindle forms.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.

A

PROPHASE I (LATE)

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40
Q

Paired homologous chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
Each member of a homologous pair attaches to a spindle fiber at opposite poles.

A

METAPHASE I

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41
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles of the cell.

A

ANAPHASE I

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42
Q

Nuclear envelopes partially assemble around chromosomes. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cells into two.

A

TELOPHASE I

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43
Q

Prophase II marks the start of the second meiotic division.
Nuclear envelope fragments.
Spindle forms and fibers attach to both chromosomes.

A

PROPHASE II

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44
Q

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.

A

METAPHASE II

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45
Q

The centromeres part, and the newly formed chromosomes, each now in the unreplicated form, move to opposite poles.

A

ANAPHASE II

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46
Q

In this stage, nuclear envelopes assemble around two daughter nuclei.
Chromosomes decondense.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides cells.

A

TELOPHASE II

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47
Q

The net result of meiosis is

A

four haploid cells

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48
Q

The production of sperm (spermatogenesis) and eggs (oogenesis),

A

Spermatogenesis

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49
Q

Takes place through the process of meiosis.

A

Spermatogenesis

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50
Q

These stem cells, called, _____ go through mitosis with one offspring going on to differentiate into a sperm cell, while the other gives rise to the next generation of sperm.

A

spermatogonia (singular: spermatogonia)

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51
Q

only operates in the testes area, not the penis.

A

vasectomy

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52
Q

A ____can’t be conceived because it can’t penetrate the wall of the egg.

A

lollipop shaped head

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53
Q

In meiosis I, each primary spermatocyte halves its genetic material to form

A

two secondary spermatocytes.

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54
Q

In meiosis II, each secondary spermatocyte divides, yielding ___by bridges of cytoplasm. Maturing spermatids separate and shed some cytoplasm.

A

two equal-sized spermatids attached

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55
Q

has built-in protections that help prevent sperm from causing some birth defects.

A

Meiosis in the male

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56
Q

Dutch histologist ___ presents a once-popular hypothesis that a sperm carries a preformed human called a ___

A

Niklass Hartsoeker ; homunculus.

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57
Q

egg making

A

oogenesis

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58
Q

Unlike male cells, oogonia are not attached. Instead, ___surround each oogonium.

A

follicle cells

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59
Q

As each oogonium grows,

A

cytoplasm accumulates, DNA replicates, and the cell becomes a primary oocyte.

60
Q

First menstruation

A

menarche

61
Q

depends on the number of eggs you have produced and it is also a factor if you have a regular or irregular menstruation.

A

menopausal

62
Q

After puberty, the most mature oocyte in one ovary bursts out each month, in an event called
___

A

ovulation.

63
Q

Happens primarily in the ovaries because of the accumulation of the developing follicles (potentially mature or immature egg cells) that are stuck and are not released in the ovaries.

A

PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome

64
Q

Are 1 or 2 follicles that are expanding and consist of the simple fluids.

A

Follicular Cyst

65
Q

accumulates cytoplasm and replicates its DNA, becoming a primary oocyte.

A

oogonium

66
Q

the primary oocyte divides, forming a small polar body and a large, haploid secondary oocyte.

A

meoisis

67
Q

the secondary oocyte divides, yielding another small polar body and a mature haploid ovum

A

meiosis ii

68
Q

A prenatal human is considered an ____. During this time, rudiments of all body parts form.

A

embryo for the first 8 weeks

69
Q

The embryo in the first week is considered to be in a ____because it has not yet settled into the uterine lining.

A

“preimplantation” stage

70
Q

Prenatal development after the eighth week is the____when structures grow and specialize.

A

fetal period

71
Q

From the start of the ninth week until birth, the prenatal human organism is a

A

fetus

72
Q

A sperm cell can survive in the woman’s body for up to

A

3 days

73
Q

oocyte can only be fertilized in the ___ hours after ovulation.

A

12 to 24

74
Q

A process in the female called ____chemically activates sperm, and the oocyte secretes a chemical that attracts sperm.

A

capacitation

75
Q

Before fertilization occurs, the sperm’s acrosome ___ , spilling enzymes that help the sperm’s nucleus enter the oocyte.

A

burts

76
Q

A sperm first contacts a covering of follicle cells, called the ___ that guards a secondary oocyte

A

corona radiata

77
Q

begins when the outer membranes of the sperm and secondary oocyte meet.

A

Fertilization, or conception

78
Q

Usually only the sperm’s head enters the oocyte. Within___hours of the sperm’s penetration, the ovum’s nuclear membrane disappears, and the two sets of chromosomes, called , ___approach one another.

A

12 pronuclei

79
Q

fertilized ovum is called a

A

zygote.

80
Q

From ovulation to implantation.

A

Cleavage

81
Q

forms in the uterine tube when a sperm nucleus fuses with the nucleus of an oocyte.

A

zygote

82
Q

The first division proceeds while the zygote moves toward the

A

uterus.

83
Q

By day 7 , the zygote, now called a ___, begins to implant in the uterine lining.

A

blastocyst

84
Q

About a day after fertilization, the zygote divides by mitosis, beginning a period of frequent cell division called

A

cleavage

85
Q

resulting early cells

A

blastomeres

86
Q

When the blastomeres form a solid ball of sixteen or more cells, the embryo is called a

A

morula

87
Q

cells form a clump on the inside lining

A

inner cell mass

88
Q

A week after conception, the blastocyst begins to nestle into the woman’s uterine lining (endometrium). This event, called___ takes about a week.

A

implantation

89
Q

During the second week of prenatal development,

A space called ____ the forms between the inner cell mass and the outer cells anchored to the uterine lining.

A

amniotic cavity

90
Q

layer nearest the amniotic cavity is the

A

ectoderm

91
Q

inner layer, closer to the blastocyst cavity, is the

A

endoderm

92
Q

Shortly after, a third layer, the ___ , forms in the middle.

A

mesoderm

93
Q

three-layered structure

A

primordial embryo, or the gastrula.

94
Q

Once these three layers, called ___, form, many cells become “determined” or fated, to develop as a specific cell type.

A

primary germ layers

95
Q

First to develop and continue until birth.

A

Central Nervous system

96
Q

Last to develop.

A

Respiratory and the Digestive system

97
Q

By the third week after conception, finger-like outgrowths called ____ extend from the area of the embryonic disc close to the uterine wall, and these project into pools of the woman’s blood.

A

chorionic villi

98
Q

By ____, the placenta is fully formed.

A

10 weeks

99
Q

manufactures blood cells,

A

yolk sac

100
Q

a membrane surrounding the embryo that gives rise to the umbilical blood vessels.

A

allantois

101
Q

Twins result when two sperm fertilize two oocytes.

A

Fraternal or dizygotic (DZ)

102
Q

are no more alike than any two siblings, although they share a very early environment in the uterus.

A

DZ twins

103
Q

Twins descend from a single fertilized ovum and therefore are genetically identical.

A

Identical, or monozygotic (MZ),

104
Q

About a third of all MZ twins have completely separate

A

chorions and amnions.

105
Q

About two-thirds share a chorion but have separate

A

amnions.

106
Q

Slightly fewer than 1 percent of MZ twins .

A

share both amnion and chorion

107
Q

In a process called ____ , the specialization of one group of cells causes adjacent groups of cells to specialize.

A

embryonic induction

108
Q

Transformation of the simple three layers of the embryo into distinct organs.

A

organogenesis

109
Q

During the third week of prenatal development, a band called the___________ appears along the back of the embryo.

A

primitive streak

110
Q

gradually elongates to form an axis that other structures organize around as they develop.

A

primitive streak

111
Q

eventually gives rise to connective tissue progenitor cells and the notochord, which is a structure that forms the basic framework of the skeleton.

A

primitive streak

112
Q

Appearance of the ___ marks the beginning of organ development.

A

neural tube

113
Q

heart begins to beat around day______ , and this is easily detectable by day __

A

18 ;22

114
Q

_______ is one of spectacularly rapid growth and differentiation.

A

fourth week of embryonic existence

115
Q

Arms and legs begin to extend from small buds on the torso.
Blood cells form and fill primitive blood vessels.
Immature lungs and kidneys begin to develop.

A

fourth week of embryonic existence

116
Q

By_____, the embryo’s head appears to be too large for the rest of its body.

A

fifth and sixth weeks,

117
Q

By the___ , a skeleton composed of cartilage forms.

A

seventh and eighth weeks

118
Q

Differences may be noticeable on ultrasound scans by

A

12 to 15 weeks.

119
Q

By____, the fetus sucks its thumb, kicks, makes fists and faces, and has the beginnings of teeth.

A

week 12

120
Q

By the ____, the fetus has hair, eyebrows, lashes, nipples, and nails.

A

fourth month

121
Q

By ____the vocal cords have formed, but the fetus makes no sound because it doesn’t breathe air.

A

18 weeks,

122
Q

By the ____, the fetus curls into a head-to-knees position.

A

end of the fifth month,

123
Q

During the_____ , the skin appears wrinkled because there isn’t much fat beneath it, and turns pink as capillaries fill with blood.

A

sixth month

124
Q

By the end of the ____, the woman feels distinct kicks and jabs and may even detect a fetal hiccup.

A

end of second trimester

125
Q

In the ___, fetal brain cells rapidly link into networks as organs elaborate and grow.

A

final trimester

126
Q

Approximately____ after a single sperm burrowed its way into an oocyte, a baby is ready to be born.

A

266 days

127
Q

The time when genetic abnormalities, toxic substances, or viruses can alter a specific structure is its

A

critical period.

128
Q

Chemicals or other agents that cause birth defects

A

teratogens (Greek for “monster-causing”).

129
Q

A mild tranquilizer to alleviate nausea early in pregnancy, during the critical period for limb formation.

A

Thalidomide

130
Q

vmay slow fetal growth, particularly of the head, but the babies quickly catch up.

A

Cocaine

131
Q

___crosses the placenta and prevents the fetus’s hemoglobin molecules from adequately binding oxygen.

A

Carbon monoxide

132
Q

A child with FAS has a characteristic

A

small head and a flat face.

133
Q

Intellectual impairment ranges from minor learning disabilities to mental retardation.

A

FAS

134
Q

a vitamin A derivative that causes spontaneous abortion and defects of the heart, nervous system, and face in exposed embryos.

A

acne medicine isotretinoin (Accutane)

135
Q

Viruses are small enough to cross the placenta and reach a fetus.

A

Viral infection

136
Q

is a well-known viral teratogen.

A

German measles (rubella)

137
Q

can harm a fetus or newborn whose immune system is immature.

A

Herpes simplex virus

138
Q

These babies are healthy, but at high risk for developing serious liver problems as adults.

A

hepatitis B infection

139
Q

means moving through the life cycle.

A

aging

140
Q

have too little muscle tissue, and since muscle is the primary site of insulin action, glucose metabolism is altered.

A

Growth-retarded babies

141
Q

Cysts that may have been present but undetected in the kidneys during one’s twenties begin causing bloody urine, high blood pressure, and abdominal pain in the thirties.

A

polycystic kidney disease

142
Q

The uncontrollable movements, unsteady gait, and diminishing mental faculties of ____typically become obvious near age 40, but may have begun years earlier.

A

Huntington disease

143
Q

The brains of Alzheimer disease patients contain deposits of a protein called ____in learning and memory centers.

A

beta amyloid

144
Q

Alzheimer brains also contain structures called ____, which consist of a protein called ___

A

neurofibrillary tangles; tau

145
Q

most severe rapid aging disorders are the segmental progeroid syndromes

A

progeria

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

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