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CYTOGENETICS > CALM 1 > Flashcards

CALM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the entire genetic material of an organism.

A

Genome

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2
Q

The genome includes both the

A

genes and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA.

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3
Q

study of the genome

A

genomics

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4
Q

Refers to the basic unit of heredity.

A

gene

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5
Q

Which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.

A

gene

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6
Q

Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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7
Q

It consists of two strands that wind around one another to form a shape known as a double helix.

A

DNA

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8
Q

There is hydrogen bonding between the bases.

A

Double helix

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9
Q

They form when the aromatic rings of the bases stack next to each other and share electron probabilities.

A

Pi-pi interactions

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10
Q

Stands for Ribonucleic Acid

A

RNA

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11
Q

A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.

A

RNA

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12
Q

Groove

A

Turns

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13
Q

Every turn needs a min. of _____ nucleic base pair or max. ____

A

10 & 12-15

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14
Q

Acts as base pair recognition & binding sites for proteins.

A

2 grooves

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15
Q

It contains base pair specific information.

A

Major Grooves

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16
Q

Largely base pair nonspecific.

A

Minor Grooves

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17
Q

By Watson & Crick

A

B-Form

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18
Q

basic unit of heredity

A

gene

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19
Q

entire genetic material of an organism

A

genome

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20
Q

DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types:

A

Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)

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21
Q

Adenine (A)

A

(Purines)

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22
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

(Pyrimidines)

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23
Q

Guanine (G)

A

(Purines)

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24
Q

Thymine (T).

A

(Pyrimidines)

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25
Q

Branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and HEREDITY in organisms.

A

Genetics

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26
Q

The large-scale study of groups of genes. These groups can be all the genes of an organism, or multiple organisms.

A

Genomics

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27
Q

full complement of genetic material in an organism

A

genome

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28
Q

involves studies that are conducted at the level of the genome.

A

genomics

29
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Purine (Adenine and Guanine)

Pyrimidine (Cytosine and Thymine

30
Q

the backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating

A

phosphate and sugar groups.

31
Q

A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings in their structure.

A

purines

32
Q

water-soluble.

A

purines

33
Q

They are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycles in nature

A

purines

34
Q

Is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine.

A

pyrimidines

35
Q

It contains only a six membered nitrogen containing a single ring.

A

pyrimidines

36
Q

In RNA the thymine is replaced by ____

A

uracil

37
Q

contain a 6 membered nitrogen containing ring fused to an imidazole ring : 2 rings

A

Purines (adenine and guanine)

38
Q

contain only a 6 membered nitrogen containing ring ; single Ring

A

Pyrimidines (cytosine and uracil)

39
Q

The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose (2 = Position/Location where it is attached), which is a

A

pentose (five-carbon) sugar.

40
Q

The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form _________

A

phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.

41
Q

being used to distinguish these carbon atoms from those of the base to which the deoxyribose forms a glycosidic bond.

A

prime symbol

42
Q

include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein.

A

Industrial applications

43
Q

to create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms,

A

agriculture

44
Q

four main points of Genetic applications:

A

Taxonomy
Agriculture
Medicine
Evolution

45
Q

Chromosome number helps in classification of plants.

A

taxonomy

46
Q

genus Triticum to which wheat belongs has been classified into three groups, viz.,

A

diploid, tetrapod and hexaploid.

47
Q

suggests primitive or advanced features of an organism

A

Karyotype

48
Q

A karyotype with large differences between the smallest and the largest chromosome of the set is known as

A

asymmetric karyotype.

49
Q

The degree of chromosome homology is studied from chromosome pairing during

A

meiosis

50
Q

In taxonomy,higher the homology,

A

closer is the relationship between the two species.

51
Q

Milk production in cows and buffaloes, meat production in sheep, goats and pigs and egg production capacity in poultry have been significantly improved through the application of genetic principles.

A

agriculture

52
Q

Detection of Hereditary Diseases

A

medicine

53
Q

Selection has to be practiced by 3 methods in evolution

A

Polyploidy, Introgression, and Mutagenesis

54
Q

Natural and artificial selections have been responsible for the evolution of various crop plants.

A

Evolution

55
Q

have been evolved through the application of genetic principles.

A

triticale

56
Q

are brought on by environmental factors;

A

polygenic

57
Q

involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual’s genome sequence.

A

Pharmacogenomics

58
Q

can be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on an individual level.

A

Personal genome sequence information

59
Q

study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche, is often a better way to study microorganisms rather than pure culture.

A

Metagenomics

60
Q

used to create new biofuels.

A

Microbial genomics

61
Q

has been extensively studied for its use in fermenting ethanol fuels.

A

Pichia

62
Q

have been used in forensic analysis

A

genetic markers

63
Q

Like in 2001 when the FBI used microbial genomics to determine a specific strain of ___that was found in several pieces of mail.

A

anthrax

64
Q

investigates how proteins affect and are affected by cell processes or the external environment.

A

Proteomics

65
Q

Within an individual organism, the ____ is constant, but the___ varies and is dynamic.

A

genome ; proteome

66
Q

are being used to analyze each type of cancer.

A

Different biomarkers and protein signatures

67
Q

Medical technologists were not on the ____ side but more on the ____ side

A

proteomics ; diagnostic

68
Q

Individuals have bigger chances in survival.

A

Stages 1 & 2

69
Q

Has a lot of compilation.

A

Stages 3 & 4

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

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