CALM 1 Flashcards
Refers to the entire genetic material of an organism.
Genome
The genome includes both the
genes and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA.
study of the genome
genomics
Refers to the basic unit of heredity.
gene
Which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.
gene
Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
It consists of two strands that wind around one another to form a shape known as a double helix.
DNA
There is hydrogen bonding between the bases.
Double helix
They form when the aromatic rings of the bases stack next to each other and share electron probabilities.
Pi-pi interactions
Stands for Ribonucleic Acid
RNA
A polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
RNA
Groove
Turns
Every turn needs a min. of _____ nucleic base pair or max. ____
10 & 12-15
Acts as base pair recognition & binding sites for proteins.
2 grooves
It contains base pair specific information.
Major Grooves
Largely base pair nonspecific.
Minor Grooves
By Watson & Crick
B-Form
basic unit of heredity
gene
entire genetic material of an organism
genome
DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types:
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
(Purines)
Cytosine (C)
(Pyrimidines)
Guanine (G)
(Purines)
Thymine (T).
(Pyrimidines)
Branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and HEREDITY in organisms.
Genetics
The large-scale study of groups of genes. These groups can be all the genes of an organism, or multiple organisms.
Genomics
full complement of genetic material in an organism
genome
involves studies that are conducted at the level of the genome.
genomics
Nitrogenous bases
Purine (Adenine and Guanine)
Pyrimidine (Cytosine and Thymine
the backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating
phosphate and sugar groups.
A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings in their structure.
purines
water-soluble.
purines
They are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycles in nature
purines
Is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine.
pyrimidines
It contains only a six membered nitrogen containing a single ring.
pyrimidines
In RNA the thymine is replaced by ____
uracil
contain a 6 membered nitrogen containing ring fused to an imidazole ring : 2 rings
Purines (adenine and guanine)
contain only a 6 membered nitrogen containing ring ; single Ring
Pyrimidines (cytosine and uracil)
The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose (2 = Position/Location where it is attached), which is a
pentose (five-carbon) sugar.
The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form _________
phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.
being used to distinguish these carbon atoms from those of the base to which the deoxyribose forms a glycosidic bond.
prime symbol
include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein.
Industrial applications
to create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms,
agriculture
four main points of Genetic applications:
Taxonomy
Agriculture
Medicine
Evolution
Chromosome number helps in classification of plants.
taxonomy
genus Triticum to which wheat belongs has been classified into three groups, viz.,
diploid, tetrapod and hexaploid.
suggests primitive or advanced features of an organism
Karyotype
A karyotype with large differences between the smallest and the largest chromosome of the set is known as
asymmetric karyotype.
The degree of chromosome homology is studied from chromosome pairing during
meiosis
In taxonomy,higher the homology,
closer is the relationship between the two species.
Milk production in cows and buffaloes, meat production in sheep, goats and pigs and egg production capacity in poultry have been significantly improved through the application of genetic principles.
agriculture
Detection of Hereditary Diseases
medicine
Selection has to be practiced by 3 methods in evolution
Polyploidy, Introgression, and Mutagenesis
Natural and artificial selections have been responsible for the evolution of various crop plants.
Evolution
have been evolved through the application of genetic principles.
triticale
are brought on by environmental factors;
polygenic
involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual’s genome sequence.
Pharmacogenomics
can be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on an individual level.
Personal genome sequence information
study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche, is often a better way to study microorganisms rather than pure culture.
Metagenomics
used to create new biofuels.
Microbial genomics
has been extensively studied for its use in fermenting ethanol fuels.
Pichia
have been used in forensic analysis
genetic markers
Like in 2001 when the FBI used microbial genomics to determine a specific strain of ___that was found in several pieces of mail.
anthrax
investigates how proteins affect and are affected by cell processes or the external environment.
Proteomics
Within an individual organism, the ____ is constant, but the___ varies and is dynamic.
genome ; proteome
are being used to analyze each type of cancer.
Different biomarkers and protein signatures
Medical technologists were not on the ____ side but more on the ____ side
proteomics ; diagnostic
Individuals have bigger chances in survival.
Stages 1 & 2
Has a lot of compilation.
Stages 3 & 4
