Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CYTOGENETICS > CALM 2 > Flashcards

CALM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental units of structure and function – from microorganisms to the most gigantic of all living organisms.

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

A

cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Our bodies include more than ___ differentiated cell types that aggregate and interact to form the basic tissues.

A

290

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most cells are ___ cells (body cells) and are said to have two copies of the____ .

A

somatic ; genome (diploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

__________which are sperm and egg cells, have one copy of the genome and are haploid.

A

Germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______are diploid cells that divide to give rise to differentiated cells and replicate themselves in a process called___

A

Stem cells ; self-renewal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cells are composed of

A

macromolecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Provide energy and contribute to cell structure.

A

Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Forms the basis of some hormones, membranes, provides insulation, & stores energy.

A

Lipids (fats and oils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Enables blood clotting, forms bulk of connective tissue

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

catalyze biochemical reactions to sustain life.

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Translate information from past generations into specific proteins that give a cell its characteristics.

A

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

provide specialized functions for the cell.

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

All cell types have a single nucleus, except for ___, which expel their nuclei as they mature.

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lies between the cell membrane and contains the organelles.

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gelatin-like aqueous fluid that contains salts, mineral and organic molecules.

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The most prominent organelle of cells

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

genetic headquarter

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

allow specific molecules to move in and out of the nucleus through the envelope.

A

Nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP.

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

powerhouse of the cel

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Has 2 membranes

A

smooth outer and inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Boundary between the mitochondria and the cytosol.

A

smooth outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Has many folds called Cristae, which enlarge the surface area for more chemical reactions.

A

inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

folds

A

cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most numerous and not surrounded by a membrane

Made up of proteins and RNA.

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

packaged into the ribosomes then transported to the cytosol.

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Protein to be used in the cytosol

A

free ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Proteins to be exported or inserted in the cell membrane

A

ribosomes in ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

System of membranous tubules and sacs

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

molecules move from one part of the cell to another.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Covered by ribosomes, prominent in cells that make large amounts of proteins to be exported from the cell.

A

Rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

No ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Processing, packaging and secreting organelles.

A

golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Works closely with ER to modify proteins.

A

golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Small spherical organelles.

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Enclose hydrolytic enzymes within single membranes.

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Maintains the shape and size of the cell.

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Network of long protein strands, not surrounded by a membrane.

A

cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Small thin threads/ strands of actin (protein).

A

microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Largest strands that are hollow tubes; help the cell divide by forming spindle diners that extend across the cell.

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hairlike organelles that extend from the surface of the cell.

A

CILIA & FLAGELLA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Short and present in large numbers.

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Long filaments and less numerous.

A

flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Most prominent structure; maintains its shape with a protein skeleton called the nuclear matrix

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the site where ribosomes are synthesized; contains RNA to build protein.

A

nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria.

Supports and protects cells.

A

Cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Exclusive in plant cells.
Contains green chlorophyll.
Where photosynthesis takes place.

A

Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Stacks of membrane- enclosed sac.

A

Golgi apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sac containing digestive enzymes.

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Sac containing enzymes.

A

peroxisomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Scaffoid and catalyst for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Releases energy from nutrients, participates in cell death.

A

mitochondria

54
Q

Membrane-bound sac

A

vesicle

55
Q

Breaks down and detoxifies various molecules.

A

peroxisome

56
Q

Temporarily stores or transport substances.

A

vesicle

57
Q

Is a bilayer of molecules called ___which forms the structural backbone

A

phospholipids

58
Q

A process wherein a series of molecules form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward.

A

Signal Transduction

59
Q

Process wherein the cell membrane helps attach to certain other cells.

A

Cellular Adhesion

60
Q

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

61
Q

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a weak solution to a strong solution

A

osmosis

62
Q

Cell and external solution are at the same concentration
Water entering RBC = water leaving
No change in cell size

A

isotonic

63
Q 
Cells are placed in a very concentrated (sugar) solution
Cells are diluted compared to external solutions & lose water.
Cell shrinks (crenation)
A

hypertomic

64
Q

Cells are placed in a dilute (sugar) solution
Cell takes up water
Cells swell and finally burst (lyses)

A

hypotonic

65
Q

When substances cross the cell membrane against a concentration gradient, using energy and carriers in the membrane.

A

active transport

66
Q

Movement of other materials across the cell membrane. Concentration must be higher on one side than the other for there to be movement; imbalance.

A

passive transport

67
Q

Moving large molecules across the cell membrane,

A

facilitated diffusion

68
Q

Materials enter the cell; cell membrane “pinches in” and forms vesicle inside the cell.

A

endocytosis

69
Q

Solid particles are ingested; part of the cell membrane extends around a particle and fuses. Majority of WBCs are phagocytes, responsible for consuming and getting rid of foreign invaders in the body.

A

phagocytosis

70
Q

Smaller vesicles;

Contains liquid not particles.

A

pinocytosis

71
Q

Materials exit the cell; membrane wrapped particles merge with the cell membrane and are pushed into the external environment.

A

exocytosis

72
Q

A meshwork of protein rods and tubules that serves as the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles overall providing 3D shape.

A

cytoskeleton

73
Q

3 major types of elements:

A

Microtubules,
Microfilaments, and
Intermediate filaments

74
Q

which include bacteria, blue-green algae, spirochetes, rickettsia and mycoplasma organisms, are very small living cells that reproduce asexually by a process that does not involve mitosis.

A

Prokaryotes

75
Q

They have no membranes, except the cell membrane and no cytoplasmic organelles such as vacuoles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum or photosynthetic plastids

A

prokaryotes

76
Q

Cocci

A

round

77
Q

Bacilli

A

rods

78
Q

Spirilla or Spirochetes

A

helical cells

79
Q

have a single chromosome consisting of a tightly coiled molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid that is not associated with protein and is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.

A

prokaryotes

80
Q

make up organisms from the protists, fungi, plant and animal kingdoms.

A

Eukaryotic cells

81
Q

is any life form consisting of one or more cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles separate from the plasma membrane enveloping the cell

A

eukaryote or eukaryote

82
Q

Cells of higher plants and animals

A

eukaryotic

83
Q

Cells of this type are larger and more complex

A

eukaryotic

84
Q

have a true nucleus containing the DNA as well as various other membrane-bound organelles. These include mitochondria, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus.

A

eukaryotic

85
Q

ordinarily larger (10 – 100um)

A

eukaryotic

86
Q

1 – 10um

A

prokaryotic

87
Q

multicellular

A

Eukaryotes

88
Q

unicellular

A

prokaryotes

89
Q

undergo sexual reproduction

A

Eukaryotes

90
Q

reproduce asexually

A

prokaryotes

91
Q

occurs by mitosis

A

Eukaryotes

92
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryotes

93
Q

this process does not involve the nuclear envelope and centromere and spindle formation.

A

binary fission

94
Q

a form of cell death.

A

apoptosis

95
Q

Series of events which describes the sequence of activities as a cell prepares to divide and then does

A

Cell Cycle

96
Q

not dividing

A

interphase

97
Q

dividing

A

mitosis

98
Q

a cell duplicates its chromosomes

A

mitosis

99
Q

it apportions one set of chromosomes into each of two resulting cells, called daughter cells.

A

cytokinesis

100
Q

produces sperm or eggs, which have half the amount of genetic material in somatic cells, as 23 single chromosomes.

A

meiosis

101
Q

a cell continues the basic biochemical functions of life while replicating its DNA and other subcellular structures.

A

interphase

102
Q

Interphase is divided into two gap phases

A

(G1 and G2) & one synthesis phase (S).

103
Q

is the period of the cell cycle that varies the most in duration among different cell types. Slowly dividing cells, like liver cells, may exit at G1 & enter G0 where they remain for years.

A

G1

104
Q

the cell replicates its entire genome. As a result, each chromosome then consists of two copies joined at an area called the centromere. In most human cells, the ___takes 8-10 hours.

A

S phase

105
Q

will pull the chromosomes apart.

A

mitotic spindle

106
Q

Microtubules form structures called __ near the nucleus.

A

centrioles

107
Q

Centriole microtubules join with other proteins and are oriented at right angles to each other, forming paired, oblong structures called ___that organize other microtubules into the spindle.

A

centrosomes

108
Q

The 2 long strands of identical chromosomal material in a replicated chromosome are called___

A

chromatids,

109
Q

Temporarily pauses the cell cycle while special proteins repair damaged DNA.

A

DNA damage checkpoint

110
Q

Turns on as mitosis begins. Proteins called survivins override signals telling the cell to die, ensuring that mitosis (division) rather than apoptosis (death) occurs.

A

Apoptosis checkpoint

111
Q

Oversees construction of the spindle & the binding of chromosomes to it.

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint

112
Q

Cells know how many divisions remain through the chromosome tips

A

telomeres

113
Q

function like cellular fuses that burn down as pieces are lost from the ends. At each mitosis, ____ lose bases, gradually shortening the chromosome.

A

Telomeres

114
Q

keeps chromosome tips long

A

telomerase

115
Q

rapidly & neatly dismantles a cell into membrane-enclosed pieces that a phagocyte (a cell that engulfs and destroys another) can mop up.

A

apoptosis

116
Q

also a continuous process.

A

apoptosis

117
Q

Within seconds, enzymes called ___are activated inside the doomed cell, stimulating each other and snipping apart various cell components.

A

caspases

118
Q

renew tissues so that as the body grows, or loses cells to apoptosis, injury, and disease, other cells are produced that take their places.

A

stem cells and progenitor cells

119
Q

produces progenitors whose daughter cells are specialized blood cells.

A

hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow

120
Q

its ability to continue the lineage of cells that can divide to give rise to another cell like itself

A

Self-renewal

121
Q

Which means it can give rise to every cell type, including the cells of the membranes that support the embryo.

A

Totipotent

122
Q

Their daughter cells have fewer possible fates.

A

Pluripotent

123
Q

Daughter cells have only a few developmental choices.

A

multipotent

124
Q

which follows mitosis, the cell resumes synthesis of biomolecules which contribute to building the extra plasma membrane required to surround the two new cells that form from the original one.

A

G1

125
Q

contains only a “nucleoid” where DNA is located

A

prokaryotess

126
Q

Which phase during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?

A

s-phase

127
Q

During which stage of mitosis do the centromeres split?

A

anaphase

128
Q

Which of the following organelles aids in the production of proteins?

A

-Ribosomes

129
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane?

A

-Regulates the flow of materials in and out of the cell

130
Q

When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

A

-Only during cell division

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions