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A level chemistry > calculations and organic synthesis reaction > Flashcards

calculations and organic synthesis reaction Flashcards

1
Q

how do you calculate water of crystallisation

A

add up all of the formula masses and take them away from the formula mass that was given to you and divide by the oxidation number

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2
Q

how do you calculate concentration

A

moles / volume
m
c v

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3
Q

how do you calculate gas volume

A

moles * 24

  v  m      24
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4
Q

how do you calculate percentage yield

A

(actual mass/ theoretical mass )*100

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5
Q

How do you calculate atom economy

A

(Mr of desired products/ Mr of all products)*100

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6
Q

How do you calculate relative atomic mass from abundance

A

multiply all of the abundances by the their Mm and divide total mass by total abundance

Br -81 = 46%
Br -79 = 54%
(4681)(7954)=7992
7992/(46+54)=79.92
Mr = 79.92

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7
Q

How do you calculate empirical formula

A

find the ratio between the elements

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8
Q

what is the ideal gas equation?

A

p = nRT/V

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9
Q

What units does the volume in the ideal gas equation need to be

A

m3
cm3 /1000000
dm3 /1000

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10
Q

What do the letters in the ideal gas equation stand for and what must you remember to do

A

p = pressure
n = amount of substance
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature in Kelvin so you add 273 to celsius
V = volume in m3

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11
Q

How do you turn an alkane into a chloroalkane

A

radical substitution
UV light
CH4 +Cl2= CH3Cl +HCl

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12
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into an alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution (hydrolysis)
and aqueous NaOH
warm and reflux
CH3Cl + NaOH = CH3OH +NaCl

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13
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into a nitrile

A

Heat with ethanol and KCN and reflux

CH3Cl +KCN = CH3CN +KCl

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14
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into a primary amine

A

Heat not reflux with excess ammonia and ethanol
CH3Cl +2NH3 = CH3NH2 + NH4Cl

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15
Q

How do you turn a primary amine into a secondary amine

A

Warm with a chloroalkane
CH3NH2 + C2H5Cl = CH3C2H5NH + HCl

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16
Q

How do you turn a secondary amine to a tertiary amine
and a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt

A

warm with a chloroalkane

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17
Q

How do you turn an alkene to an alkane

A

Electrophilic addition

Hydrogen and a nickel catalyst at 150C and 2 atm

CH2=CH2 +H2 = CH3CH3

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18
Q

How do you turn an alkene to a dibromoalkane

A

add bromine water at room temperature
electrophilic addition

19
Q

How do you turn an alkene into a bromoalkane

A

electrophilic addition og hydrogen bromide

20
Q

How do you turn an alkene to an alcohol

A

Electrophilic addition of water as steam

300C 600kPa and a phosphoric acid catalyst

21
Q

How do you turn a nitrile into a primary amine

A

Reduction with LiAlH4
conditions = dry ether

22
Q

How do you turn a nitrile to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis with dilute HCl acting as the acid catalyst and heating under reflux

CH3CN +2H2O +HCl = CH3COOH +NH4Cl

23
Q

How do you turn an alcohol to an alkene

A

Dehydration reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid and heat and reflux

alcohol = alkene + water

24
Q

How do you turn an alcohol to a carbonyl

A

Oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate
distillation

25
How do you turn an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid
Oxidation and heating under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate
26
How do you turn a carbonyl to an alcohol
Nucleophilic addition reaction (reduction) With either NaBH4 or alcohol at room temperature
27
How do you turn a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate salt
Neutralisation reaction with NaOH at room temperature forming the salt and hydrogen
28
How do you turn an amine to an alkylammonium salt
It is an acid base reaction with HCl at room temperature C2H5NH2 + HCl = C2H5NH3CL
29
How do you turn a carbonl to a hydroxynitrile
Nucleophilic addition reaction with hydrogen Cyanide at room temperature CH3COCH3 +HCN = CH3CH2COHCN
30
How do you turn an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid
Hydrolysis reaction at room temperature and gives off corrosive HCl fumes
31
How do you turn an acyl chloride to an amide
react with concentrated ammonia at room temperature and you get an amide as well as NH4Cl and produces white smoke of amide
32
How do you turn an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid
Hydrolysis and warm
33
How do you turn an acid anhydride to an amide
Warm with ammonia and you get an amide and a carboxylic acid
34
How do you make an ester from a carboxylic acid
Heat with alcohol and a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst to form an ester and water
35
How do you make an ester from an acyl chloride
React with alcohol at room temperature to form the ester and HCl
36
How do you make an ester from an acid anhydride
Warm with an alcohol to form the ester and a carboxylic acid
37
How do you make an ester to a carboxylic acid an alcohol
Acid hydrolysis heat under reflux with concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
38
How do you turn an ester to a carboxylate salt and alcohol
Base hydrolysis Heat under reflux with NaOH
39
How do you turn a primary amine to a secondary amide
React with an acyl chloride at room temperature to produce the amide and R-NH3Cl
40
How do you turn benzene into nitro benzene
Electrophilic substitution reflux with concentrated nitric acid and sulphuric acid catalysr to form nitrobenzene and water
41
How do you turn benzene to an alkylbenzene
Electrophilic substitution warm, reflux with chloroalkane and halogen carried to form the alkyl benzene and HCl
42
How do you turn benzene to a phenylalkanone
Electrophilic substitution with acyl chloride and halogen carrier gently heated under reflux to also form HCl
43
How do you turn nitrobenzene to a phenylamine
Reduction reaction with tin and conc HCl refluxed at 100C C6H5NO2 +6[H] = C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

A level chemistry (14 decks)

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