Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A level chemistry > calculations and organic synthesis reaction > Flashcards

calculations and organic synthesis reaction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do you calculate water of crystallisation

A

add up all of the formula masses and take them away from the formula mass that was given to you and divide by the oxidation number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do you calculate concentration

A

moles / volume
m
c v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do you calculate gas volume

A

moles * 24

  v  m      24
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do you calculate percentage yield

A

(actual mass/ theoretical mass )*100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you calculate atom economy

A

(Mr of desired products/ Mr of all products)*100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you calculate relative atomic mass from abundance

A

multiply all of the abundances by the their Mm and divide total mass by total abundance

Br -81 = 46%
Br -79 = 54%
(4681)(7954)=7992
7992/(46+54)=79.92
Mr = 79.92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you calculate empirical formula

A

find the ratio between the elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the ideal gas equation?

A

p = nRT/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What units does the volume in the ideal gas equation need to be

A

m3
cm3 /1000000
dm3 /1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the letters in the ideal gas equation stand for and what must you remember to do

A

p = pressure
n = amount of substance
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature in Kelvin so you add 273 to celsius
V = volume in m3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you turn an alkane into a chloroalkane

A

radical substitution
UV light
CH4 +Cl2= CH3Cl +HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into an alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution (hydrolysis)
and aqueous NaOH
warm and reflux
CH3Cl + NaOH = CH3OH +NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into a nitrile

A

Heat with ethanol and KCN and reflux

CH3Cl +KCN = CH3CN +KCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into a primary amine

A

Heat not reflux with excess ammonia and ethanol
CH3Cl +2NH3 = CH3NH2 + NH4Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you turn a primary amine into a secondary amine

A

Warm with a chloroalkane
CH3NH2 + C2H5Cl = CH3C2H5NH + HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you turn a secondary amine to a tertiary amine
and a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt

A

warm with a chloroalkane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you turn an alkene to an alkane

A

Electrophilic addition

Hydrogen and a nickel catalyst at 150C and 2 atm

CH2=CH2 +H2 = CH3CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you turn an alkene to a dibromoalkane

A

add bromine water at room temperature
electrophilic addition

19
Q

How do you turn an alkene into a bromoalkane

A

electrophilic addition og hydrogen bromide

20
Q

How do you turn an alkene to an alcohol

A

Electrophilic addition of water as steam

300C 600kPa and a phosphoric acid catalyst

21
Q

How do you turn a nitrile into a primary amine

A

Reduction with LiAlH4
conditions = dry ether

22
Q

How do you turn a nitrile to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis with dilute HCl acting as the acid catalyst and heating under reflux

CH3CN +2H2O +HCl = CH3COOH +NH4Cl

23
Q

How do you turn an alcohol to an alkene

A

Dehydration reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid and heat and reflux

alcohol = alkene + water

24
Q

How do you turn an alcohol to a carbonyl

A

Oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate
distillation

25
Q

How do you turn an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation and heating under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

26
Q

How do you turn a carbonyl to an alcohol

A

Nucleophilic addition reaction (reduction)
With either NaBH4 or alcohol at room temperature

27
Q

How do you turn a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate salt

A

Neutralisation reaction with NaOH at room temperature forming the salt and hydrogen

28
Q

How do you turn an amine to an alkylammonium salt

A

It is an acid base reaction with HCl at room temperature
C2H5NH2 + HCl = C2H5NH3CL

29
Q

How do you turn a carbonl to a hydroxynitrile

A

Nucleophilic addition reaction with hydrogen Cyanide at room temperature
CH3COCH3 +HCN = CH3CH2COHCN

30
Q

How do you turn an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis reaction at room temperature and gives off corrosive HCl fumes

31
Q

How do you turn an acyl chloride to an amide

A

react with concentrated ammonia at room temperature and you get an amide as well as NH4Cl and produces white smoke of amide

32
Q

How do you turn an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis and warm

33
Q

How do you turn an acid anhydride to an amide

A

Warm with ammonia and you get an amide and a carboxylic acid

34
Q

How do you make an ester from a carboxylic acid

A

Heat with alcohol and a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst to form an ester and water

35
Q

How do you make an ester from an acyl chloride

A

React with alcohol at room temperature to form the ester and HCl

36
Q

How do you make an ester from an acid anhydride

A

Warm with an alcohol to form the ester and a carboxylic acid

37
Q

How do you make an ester to a carboxylic acid an alcohol

A

Acid hydrolysis
heat under reflux with concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst

38
Q

How do you turn an ester to a carboxylate salt and alcohol

A

Base hydrolysis
Heat under reflux with NaOH

39
Q

How do you turn a primary amine to a secondary amide

A

React with an acyl chloride at room temperature to produce the amide and R-NH3Cl

40
Q

How do you turn benzene into nitro benzene

A

Electrophilic substitution
reflux with concentrated nitric acid and sulphuric acid catalysr to form nitrobenzene and water

41
Q

How do you turn benzene to an alkylbenzene

A

Electrophilic substitution

warm, reflux with chloroalkane and halogen carried to form the alkyl benzene and HCl

42
Q

How do you turn benzene to a phenylalkanone

A

Electrophilic substitution with acyl chloride and halogen carrier gently heated under reflux to also form HCl

43
Q

How do you turn nitrobenzene to a phenylamine

A

Reduction reaction with tin and conc HCl refluxed at 100C
C6H5NO2 +6[H] = C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

A level chemistry (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions