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A level chemistry > calculations and organic synthesis reaction > Flashcards

calculations and organic synthesis reaction Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you calculate water of crystallisation

A

add up all of the formula masses and take them away from the formula mass that was given to you and divide by the oxidation number

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2
Q

how do you calculate concentration

A

moles / volume
m
c v

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3
Q

how do you calculate gas volume

A

moles * 24

  v  m      24
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4
Q

how do you calculate percentage yield

A

(actual mass/ theoretical mass )*100

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5
Q

How do you calculate atom economy

A

(Mr of desired products/ Mr of all products)*100

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6
Q

How do you calculate relative atomic mass from abundance

A

multiply all of the abundances by the their Mm and divide total mass by total abundance

Br -81 = 46%
Br -79 = 54%
(4681)(7954)=7992
7992/(46+54)=79.92
Mr = 79.92

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7
Q

How do you calculate empirical formula

A

find the ratio between the elements

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8
Q

what is the ideal gas equation?

A

p = nRT/V

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9
Q

What units does the volume in the ideal gas equation need to be

A

m3
cm3 /1000000
dm3 /1000

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10
Q

What do the letters in the ideal gas equation stand for and what must you remember to do

A

p = pressure
n = amount of substance
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature in Kelvin so you add 273 to celsius
V = volume in m3

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11
Q

How do you turn an alkane into a chloroalkane

A

radical substitution
UV light
CH4 +Cl2= CH3Cl +HCl

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12
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into an alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution (hydrolysis)
and aqueous NaOH
warm and reflux
CH3Cl + NaOH = CH3OH +NaCl

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13
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into a nitrile

A

Heat with ethanol and KCN and reflux

CH3Cl +KCN = CH3CN +KCl

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14
Q

How do you turn a chloroalkane into a primary amine

A

Heat not reflux with excess ammonia and ethanol
CH3Cl +2NH3 = CH3NH2 + NH4Cl

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15
Q

How do you turn a primary amine into a secondary amine

A

Warm with a chloroalkane
CH3NH2 + C2H5Cl = CH3C2H5NH + HCl

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16
Q

How do you turn a secondary amine to a tertiary amine
and a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt

A

warm with a chloroalkane

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17
Q

How do you turn an alkene to an alkane

A

Electrophilic addition

Hydrogen and a nickel catalyst at 150C and 2 atm

CH2=CH2 +H2 = CH3CH3

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18
Q

How do you turn an alkene to a dibromoalkane

A

add bromine water at room temperature
electrophilic addition

19
Q

How do you turn an alkene into a bromoalkane

A

electrophilic addition og hydrogen bromide

20
Q

How do you turn an alkene to an alcohol

A

Electrophilic addition of water as steam

300C 600kPa and a phosphoric acid catalyst

21
Q

How do you turn a nitrile into a primary amine

A

Reduction with LiAlH4
conditions = dry ether

22
Q

How do you turn a nitrile to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis with dilute HCl acting as the acid catalyst and heating under reflux

CH3CN +2H2O +HCl = CH3COOH +NH4Cl

23
Q

How do you turn an alcohol to an alkene

A

Dehydration reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid and heat and reflux

alcohol = alkene + water

24
Q

How do you turn an alcohol to a carbonyl

A

Oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate
distillation

25
Q

How do you turn an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation and heating under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

26
Q

How do you turn a carbonyl to an alcohol

A

Nucleophilic addition reaction (reduction)
With either NaBH4 or alcohol at room temperature

27
Q

How do you turn a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate salt

A

Neutralisation reaction with NaOH at room temperature forming the salt and hydrogen

28
Q

How do you turn an amine to an alkylammonium salt

A

It is an acid base reaction with HCl at room temperature
C2H5NH2 + HCl = C2H5NH3CL

29
Q

How do you turn a carbonl to a hydroxynitrile

A

Nucleophilic addition reaction with hydrogen Cyanide at room temperature
CH3COCH3 +HCN = CH3CH2COHCN

30
Q

How do you turn an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis reaction at room temperature and gives off corrosive HCl fumes

31
Q

How do you turn an acyl chloride to an amide

A

react with concentrated ammonia at room temperature and you get an amide as well as NH4Cl and produces white smoke of amide

32
Q

How do you turn an acid anhydride to a carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis and warm

33
Q

How do you turn an acid anhydride to an amide

A

Warm with ammonia and you get an amide and a carboxylic acid

34
Q

How do you make an ester from a carboxylic acid

A

Heat with alcohol and a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst to form an ester and water

35
Q

How do you make an ester from an acyl chloride

A

React with alcohol at room temperature to form the ester and HCl

36
Q

How do you make an ester from an acid anhydride

A

Warm with an alcohol to form the ester and a carboxylic acid

37
Q

How do you make an ester to a carboxylic acid an alcohol

A

Acid hydrolysis
heat under reflux with concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst

38
Q

How do you turn an ester to a carboxylate salt and alcohol

A

Base hydrolysis
Heat under reflux with NaOH

39
Q

How do you turn a primary amine to a secondary amide

A

React with an acyl chloride at room temperature to produce the amide and R-NH3Cl

40
Q

How do you turn benzene into nitro benzene

A

Electrophilic substitution
reflux with concentrated nitric acid and sulphuric acid catalysr to form nitrobenzene and water

41
Q

How do you turn benzene to an alkylbenzene

A

Electrophilic substitution

warm, reflux with chloroalkane and halogen carried to form the alkyl benzene and HCl

42
Q

How do you turn benzene to a phenylalkanone

A

Electrophilic substitution with acyl chloride and halogen carrier gently heated under reflux to also form HCl

43
Q

How do you turn nitrobenzene to a phenylamine

A

Reduction reaction with tin and conc HCl refluxed at 100C
C6H5NO2 +6[H] = C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

A level chemistry (14 decks)

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