CALCULATION OF DOSES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Flashcards
it is the quantitative amount
administered or taken by a
patient for the intended
medicinal effect
Dose
The amount taken at one time.
Single Dose
The amount taken during the
course of therapy
Daily Dose/Total Dose
The schedule of dosing.
Dosage Regimen
The amount that ordinarily
produces the medicinal effect
intended in the adult patient
Usual Adult Dose
Is similarly defined for the infant or
child patient
Usual Pediatric Dose
The quantitative amounts of the
a drug that may be prescribed within the guidelines of usual medical practice.
Usual Dosage Range
The amount that produces the desired
intensity of effect in 50% of the
individuals tested.
Median Effective Dose
The amount that produces toxic effects
in 50% of the individuals tested.
Median Toxic Dose
a larger-than usual initial dose may be
required to achieve the desired
blood drug level
Loading Dose
The minimum concentration to
produce the drug’s desired effects
in a patient.
Median Effective Concentration (MEC)
The concentration that produces
dose-related toxic effects.
Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC)
Referred to as the Primary
Drug Treatment
Monotherapy
Additional to or supportive of a
different primary treatment.
Adjunctive Therapy
Administered to protect the patient
from contracting a specific
disease. (Ex. Vaccines)
Prophylactic Doses
Examples of Pharmaceutical Ingredients
solvents, vehicles, preservatives,
stabilizers, solubilizers, binders, fillers, disintegrants, flavorants, colorants,
contain pharmaceutical ingredients, which
provide the physical features, stability requirements, and
aesthetic characteristics desired for optimal therapeutic effects.
Dosage forms
Mouth
Oral
Under the tongue
Sublingual
Parenteral: Vein
Intravenous
Parenteral: Artery
Intra-arterial
Parenteral: Heart
Intercardiac
Parenteral: Spine
Intraspinal/ Intrathecal
Parenteral: Bone
Intraosseous
Parenteral: Joint
Intra-articular
Parenteral: Joint Fluid
Intrasynovial
Parenteral: Skin
Intracutaneous/ Intradermal/ Subcutaneously
Parenteral: Muscle
Intramuscular
Parenteral: Skin surface
Epicutaneous
Eye conjunctiva
Conjunctival
Eye
intraocular
Nose
Intranasal
Ear
aural
Lung
Intrarespiratory
Rectum
Rectal
Vagina
Vaginal
Urethra
Urethral
Mouth drug forms
Tablets, capsules, oral solutions, drops, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, magmas, gels, powder, troches, and lozenges
Sublingual dosage forms
Tablets
Parenteral dosage forms
Solution, suspensions
Skin surface dosage forms
ointments, creams, pastes, plasters, powders, aerosol, lotions, transdermal patches, solutions (topical)
Eye conjuctiva dosage form
ointments
Eye dosage forms
Solution, suspensions
Nose dosage forms
Solutions, ointments
Ear dosage form
Solutions and suspensions
Lung dosage form
Solutions (aerosol)
Rectum dosage forms
Solutions, ointments, suppositories
Vagina dosage form
solutions, ointments, emulsion foams, gels, tablets/inserts
Urethra
Solutions and suppositories
1 teaspoonful (tsp)
5 ml
1 tablespoonful (tbsp)
15 ml
20 drops (gtt)
1 ml
General Dose Calculations
Number of Doses
Size of Dose
Total Quantity
Dosing Options
LOW-DOSE THERAPY
HIGH-DOSE THERAPY
The administration of doses that are much smaller than the usual dose of a drug
LOW-DOSE THERAPY
The administration of doses that are much larger than the usual dose of a drug
HIGH-DOSE THERAPY
Products containing two or more therapeutic agents in fixed-dose combinations
Fixed-Dose Combination Products
Advantages of Fixed-Dose Combination Products
Two or more needed drugs may be taken in a single dose, which may be more convenient, enhance compliance, and be less expensive for the patient than taking the same drugs individually.
Disadvantages of Fixed-Dose Combination Products
Relative inflexibility in dosing compared
with individual drug dosing
Tablet Splitting and Crushing: A number of tablets are ________________ to allow
breaking into approximately equal pieces (usually halves)
scored or grooved
This allows dosage flexibility, particularly when a patient is
started at a half dose and then is titrated up to a full dosage
level.
Tablet Splitting and Crushing
It also enables a patient to take a product at a strength that
is not otherwise available.
Tablet Splitting and Crushing
Other term for loading dose
Priming dose
What does pharmaceutical ingredients provide
Physical feature
stability requirement
aesthetic characteristic
Examples of Low Dosage Therapy
Use of Aspirin in 81-mg amounts (rather than the usual dose of 325 mg) to
lower the risk of heart attack and clot-related stroke.
Low-dose oral contraceptive use
Low-dose postmenopausal hormone therapy.
Examples of High Dosage Therapy
Commonly associated with the chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. Through
increased dose intensity, to kill tumor cells.
High-dose use of progestin in the treatment of endometriosis.
High-dose influenza vaccination of the elderly.
Oral
Mouth
Sublingual
Under the tongue
Intravenous
Parenteral: Vein
Intra-arterial
Parenteral: Artery
Intercardiac
Parenteral: Heart
Intraspinal/ Intrathecal
Parenteral: Spine
Intraosseous
Parenteral: Bone
Intra-articular
Parenteral: Joint
Intrasynovial
Parenteral: Joint Fluid
Intracutaneous/ Intradermal/ Subcutaneously
Parenteral: Skin
Intramuscular
Parenteral: Muscle
Epicutaneous
Parenteral: Skin surface
Conjunctival
Eye conjunctiva
intraocular
Eye
Intranasal
Nose
aural
Ear
Intrarespiratory
Lung
Rectal
Rectum
Vaginal
Vagina
Urethral
Urethra
