calculation and scheduling medication doses

Question 1

the total quantity of a drug that is to be given to a patient

Answer 1

dose

Question 2

a dose relative to the patient’s body weight

Answer 2

relative dose

Question 3

the frequency at which a dose is administered

Answer 3

dosage

Question 4

the specific way a therapeutic drug is to be taken

Answer 4

dosage regimen

Question 5

amounts of drug that may be prescribed within the work of usual medical practice

Answer 5

dosage range

Question 6

other name for adult dose

Answer 6

usual dose

Question 7

the amount that may be expected to produce, in adults, the medicinal effect for which it is intended

Answer 7

adult dose

aka usual dose

Question 8

other names for initial dose

Answer 8

• priming dose
• loading dose

Question 9

is the amount required to attain the desired concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues

Answer 9

initial dose

Question 10

dose that is administered to children

Answer 10

pediatric dose

Question 11

dose applicable to patient’s 65 years and above

Answer 11

geriatric dose

Question 12

dose required to maintain clinical effectiveness or therapeutic concentration according to dosage regimen

Answer 12

maintenance dose

Question 13

the amount administered to a patient before exposure or contraction of the illness

Answer 13

prophylactic dose

Question 14

the amount which is administered to a patient after the exposure or contraction of an illness

Answer 14

therapeutic dose

Question 15

importance of calculation and proper scheduling of doses

Answer 15

• patient safety
• patient compliance
• prevent toxicity and suboptimal therapy

Question 16

what is the “5 rights”?

Answer 16

1. right drug
2. right patient
3. right dose
4. right route
5. right time

Question 17

defined as patient understanding and adherence to the directions for use

Answer 17

patient compliance

Question 18

is defined as failing to follow a practitioner’s or labeled instructions for self-administration of any medication

Answer 18

patient noncompliance

Question 19

examples of patient noncompliance

Answer 19

• underdosing, overdosing
• inconsistent, sporadic dosing
• incorrect treatment duration
• drug abuse
• medication misadventure

Question 20

pharmaceutical dispensing and compounding calculations use _____

Answer 20

simple arithmetic

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE

the errors that may arise often are due to carelessness, as in improper placing of decimal points, incorrect conversion from one system of measurement to another, or uncertainty over the system of measurement to be used

Answer 21

true

Question 22

very dangerous because of undesirable effect and toxicity

Answer 22

overdose

Question 23

decrease effectivity of the drug to the patient

Answer 23

underdose

Question 24

specific patient parameters in which certain drugs for certain patients are based of

Answer 24

1. patient’s age & weight
2. body surface area
3. nutritional and functional status
4. pharmacokinetic

Question 25

# TRUE OR FALSE for adults that have normal condition, usual dose or the adult dose is already appropriate that means **dose calculation is not required**

Answer 25

true

Question 26

dose individualization is required to:

Answer 26

1. neonates/pediatric px 2. elderly px with diminished biologic functions 3. individuals of all age groups with compromised liver and/or kidney fxn 4. critically ill px 5. px being treated with highly toxic chemotherapeutic agents 6. certain drugs with a narrow therapeutic window

Question 27

the branch of medicine that deals with disease in children from birth through adolescence | birth to 18 years

Answer 27

pediatrics

Question 28

if born at less than 37 weeks gestation

Answer 28

premature

Question 29

newborn | from birth to 1 month

Answer 29

neonates

Question 30

1 month to 1 year | 28 days to 23 months

Answer 30

infant

Question 31

2 years to 5 years

Answer 31

early childhood

Question 32

6 years to 11 years

Answer 32

late childhood

Question 33

12 years to 18 years

Answer 33

adolescence

Question 34

factors in dosing pediatrics:

Answer 34

1. patient's age and weight 2. overall health status 3. stage of development of body systems for drug metabolism

Question 35

# TRUE OR FALSE neonates can metabolize drugs in liver and eliminate drugs in renal system

Answer 35

false | these biologic functions and systems are **underdeveloped** in neonates

Question 36

examples of devices needed to promote compliance to medication in pediatric patients

Answer 36

* calibrated medicine dropper * premeasured teaspoon (5 mL) * nebulizer for inhalation products

Question 36

the field that encompasses the management of illness in the elderly

Answer 36

geriatric medicine | or **geriatrics**

Question 37

65 to 75 years

Answer 37

young old

Question 38

75 to 85

Answer 38

old

Question 39

85 years and older

Answer 39

old old

Question 40

# TRUE OR FALSE age-based dosing has demonstrated to be a **safe and effective** approach

Answer 40

true

Question 41

the primary organ for excretion

Answer 41

kidney

Question 42

is a **buildup of toxins in your blood** that occurs when the kidneys stop filtering toxins out through your urine

Answer 42

uremia

Question 43

the result from acute diseases or trauma to the kidney

Answer 43

uremia

Question 44

accumulation of excessive fluid & blood nitrogenous products in the body

Answer 44

uremia

Question 45

# TRUE OR FALSE **impaired** glomerular filtration = ↓ drug excretion = ↑ half life

Answer 45

true

Question 46

is a commonly used clinical diagnostic laboratory test for renal disease

Answer 46

BUN | **blood urea nitrogen**

Question 47

pharmacokinetic changes caused by kidney disease

Answer 47

* oral bioavailability * reduction in total body clearance

Question 48

the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine by kidney filtration per minute | unit: mL/min

Answer 48

creatinine clearance

Question 49

formulas to compute creatinine clearance

Answer 49

1. cockroft and gault 2. jellife (for adults with unstable renal fxn) 3. schwartz equation (for children)

Question 50

# CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION above 90 mL/min

Answer 50

normal GFR

Question 51

# CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION 60-89 mL/min

Answer 51

mild decrease in GFR

Question 52

# CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION 30-59 mL/min

Answer 52

moderate decrease in GFR

Question 53

# CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION 15-29 mL/min

Answer 53

severe decrease in GFR

Question 54

# CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION less than 15 mL/min | requires dialysis

Answer 54

ESRD | end-stage renal disease

Question 55

the problem-solving method illustrated in solving pharmaceutical problems

Answer 55

dimentional analysis | based on **ratio and proportion**

Question 56

this is **widely used** in many scientific disciplines and offers a consistent way to solve problems

Answer 56

dimentional analysis

Question 57

# TRUE OR FALSE **dimentional analysis** can overcomes many difficulties students and pharmacy practitioners have in problem interpretation and provides a well-defined, consistent starting point in the solution of pharmaceutical problems

Answer 57

true

Question 58

# TRUE OR FALSE the basis for dimensional analysis is the **formation of relationships between quantities**, multiplication and canceling units **until only the units of the desired answer remain**

Answer 58

true

Question 59

# TRUE OR FALSE dimensional analysis can be used to solve most pharmaceutical problems, **regardless of complexity**, using a consistent procedure

Answer 59

true

Question 60

is the **frequency and duration** of a drug's prescribed or recommended use

Answer 60

medication schedule | or **dosing schedule**

Question 61

includes **all maintenance doses** administered according to a standard, repeated cycle of frequency

Answer 61

scheduled medications

Question 62

includes **early or delayed** administration of maintenance doses of greater than 30 minutes before or after the scheduled dose

Answer 62

time-critical scheduled medications

Question 63

# TRUE OR FALSE time-critical scheduled medications **may cause harm** or result in substantial sub-optimal therapy or pharmacological effect

Answer 63

true

Question 64

# TRUE OR FALSE time-critical scheduled medications are administered at the exact time indicated when necessary or within 30 minutes before or 30 minutes after the scheduled time

Answer 64

true

Question 65

includes those that were early or delayed administration within a specified range of either 1 or 2 hours **should not cause harm** or result in substantial sub-optimal therapy or pharmacological effect

Answer 65

non-time-critical scheduled medications

Question 66

# TRUE OR FALSE non-time-critical scheduled medications cannot be administered within 2 hours before or after the scheduled time

Answer 66

false | **can be administed** within 2 hours before or after the scheduled time

Question 67

are responsible in hospitals for ensuring that medication is administered to patients at the appropriate time by following the medication order

Answer 67

nurses

Question 68

**monitor the adherence** to standard drug administration schedules based on the prescribed dosing frequency whenever possible

Answer 68

pharmacists

Question 69

outpatients must be instructed on how and when to take their medication by ____ or _____

Answer 69

prescribers or pharmacists

Question 70

# TRUE OR FALSE the standard administration time are generally set by the institution

Answer 70

true

Question 71

# STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME Q24

Answer 71

same time the medication was started, not unless specified

Question 72

# STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME Q12

Answer 72

* 6 AM-6 PM (before meals) * 9 AM-9 PM (after meal

Question 73

# STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME Q8

Answer 73

6 AM-2 PM-10 PM (with or without food)

Question 74

# STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME Q6

Answer 74

6 AM-12 PM-6 PM-12 AM | if given at 12:01 onwards, the dose will be charted for the ff day

Question 75

# STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME Q4

Answer 75

4 AM-8 AM-12 PM-4 PM-8 PM-12 AM

Question 76

calculation based on BSA is widely use for

Answer 76

* cancer patients * pediatric patients