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⚘ > calculation and scheduling medication doses > Flashcards

calculation and scheduling medication doses Flashcards

1
Q

the total quantity of a drug that is to be given to a patient

A

dose

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2
Q

a dose relative to the patient’s body weight

A

relative dose

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3
Q

the frequency at which a dose is administered

A

dosage

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4
Q

the specific way a therapeutic drug is to be taken

A

dosage regimen

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5
Q

amounts of drug that may be prescribed within the work of usual medical practice

A

dosage range

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6
Q

other name for adult dose

A

usual dose

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7
Q

the amount that may be expected to produce, in adults, the medicinal effect for which it is intended

A

adult dose

aka usual dose

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8
Q

other names for initial dose

A
  • priming dose
  • loading dose
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9
Q

is the amount required to attain the desired concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues

A

initial dose

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10
Q

dose that is administered to children

A

pediatric dose

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11
Q

dose applicable to patient’s 65 years and above

A

geriatric dose

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12
Q

dose required to maintain clinical effectiveness or therapeutic concentration according to dosage regimen

A

maintenance dose

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13
Q

the amount administered to a patient before exposure or contraction of the illness

A

prophylactic dose

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14
Q

the amount which is administered to a patient after the exposure or contraction of an illness

A

therapeutic dose

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15
Q

importance of calculation and proper scheduling of doses

A
  • patient safety
  • patient compliance
  • prevent toxicity and suboptimal therapy
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16
Q

what is the “5 rights”?

A
  1. right drug
  2. right patient
  3. right dose
  4. right route
  5. right time
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17
Q

defined as patient understanding and adherence to the directions for use

A

patient compliance

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18
Q

is defined as failing to follow a practitioner’s or labeled instructions for self-administration of any medication

A

patient noncompliance

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19
Q

examples of patient noncompliance

A
  • underdosing, overdosing
  • inconsistent, sporadic dosing
  • incorrect treatment duration
  • drug abuse
  • medication misadventure
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20
Q

pharmaceutical dispensing and compounding calculations use _____

A

simple arithmetic

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the errors that may arise often are due to carelessness, as in improper placing of decimal points, incorrect conversion from one system of measurement to another, or uncertainty over the system of measurement to be used

A

true

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22
Q

very dangerous because of undesirable effect and toxicity

A

overdose

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23
Q

decrease effectivity of the drug to the patient

A

underdose

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24
Q

specific patient parameters in which certain drugs for certain patients are based of

A
  1. patient’s age & weight
  2. body surface area
  3. nutritional and functional status
  4. pharmacokinetic
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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

for adults that have normal condition, usual dose or the adult dose is already appropriate that means dose calculation is not required

A

true

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26
Q

dose individualization is required to:

A
  1. neonates/pediatric px
  2. elderly px with diminished biologic functions
  3. individuals of all age groups with compromised liver and/or kidney fxn
  4. critically ill px
  5. px being treated with highly toxic chemotherapeutic agents
  6. certain drugs with a narrow therapeutic window
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27
Q

the branch of medicine that deals with disease in children from birth through adolescence

birth to 18 years

A

pediatrics

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28
Q

if born at less than 37 weeks gestation

A

premature

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29
Q

newborn

from birth to 1 month

A

neonates

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30
Q

1 month to 1 year

28 days to 23 months

A

infant

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31
Q

2 years to 5 years

A

early childhood

32
Q

6 years to 11 years

A

late childhood

33
Q

12 years to 18 years

A

adolescence

34
Q

factors in dosing pediatrics:

A
  1. patient’s age and weight
  2. overall health status
  3. stage of development of body systems for drug metabolism
35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

neonates can metabolize drugs in liver and eliminate drugs in renal system

A

false

these biologic functions and systems are underdeveloped in neonates

36
Q

examples of devices needed to promote compliance to medication in pediatric patients

A
  • calibrated medicine dropper
  • premeasured teaspoon (5 mL)
  • nebulizer for inhalation products
36
Q

the field that encompasses the management of illness in the elderly

A

geriatric medicine

or geriatrics

37
Q

65 to 75 years

A

young old

38
Q

75 to 85

A

old

39
Q

85 years and older

A

old old

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

age-based dosing has demonstrated to be a safe and effective approach

A

true

41
Q

the primary organ for excretion

A

kidney

42
Q

is a buildup of toxins in your blood that occurs when the kidneys stop filtering toxins out through your urine

A

uremia

43
Q

the result from acute diseases or trauma to the kidney

A

uremia

44
Q

accumulation of excessive fluid & blood nitrogenous products in the body

A

uremia

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

impaired glomerular filtration = ↓ drug excretion = ↑ half life

A

true

46
Q

is a commonly used clinical diagnostic laboratory test for renal disease

A

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

47
Q

pharmacokinetic changes caused by kidney disease

A
  • oral bioavailability
  • reduction in total body clearance
48
Q

the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine by kidney filtration per minute

unit: mL/min

A

creatinine clearance

49
Q

formulas to compute creatinine clearance

A
  1. cockroft and gault
  2. jellife (for adults with unstable renal fxn)
  3. schwartz equation (for children)
50
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION

above 90 mL/min

A

normal GFR

51
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION

60-89 mL/min

A

mild decrease in GFR

52
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION

30-59 mL/min

A

moderate decrease in GFR

53
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION

15-29 mL/min

A

severe decrease in GFR

54
Q

CREATININE CLEARANCE DESCRIPTION

less than 15 mL/min

requires dialysis

A

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

55
Q

the problem-solving method illustrated in solving pharmaceutical problems

A

dimentional analysis

based on ratio and proportion

56
Q

this is widely used in many scientific disciplines and offers a consistent way to solve problems

A

dimentional analysis

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

dimentional analysis can overcomes many difficulties students and pharmacy practitioners have in problem interpretation and provides a well-defined, consistent starting point in the solution of pharmaceutical problems

A

true

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the basis for dimensional analysis is the formation of relationships between quantities, multiplication and canceling units until only the units of the desired answer remain

A

true

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

dimensional analysis can be used to solve most pharmaceutical problems, regardless of complexity, using a consistent procedure

A

true

60
Q

is the frequency and duration of a drug’s prescribed or recommended use

A

medication schedule

or dosing schedule

61
Q

includes all maintenance doses administered according to a standard, repeated cycle of frequency

A

scheduled medications

62
Q

includes early or delayed administration of maintenance doses of greater than 30 minutes before or after the scheduled dose

A

time-critical scheduled medications

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

time-critical scheduled medications may cause harm or result in substantial sub-optimal therapy or pharmacological effect

A

true

64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

time-critical scheduled medications are administered at the exact time indicated when necessary or within 30 minutes before or 30 minutes after the scheduled time

A

true

65
Q

includes those that were early or delayed administration within a specified range of either 1 or 2 hours should not cause harm or result in substantial sub-optimal therapy or pharmacological effect

A

non-time-critical scheduled medications

66
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

non-time-critical scheduled medications cannot be administered within 2 hours before or after the scheduled time

A

false

can be administed within 2 hours before or after the scheduled time

67
Q

are responsible in hospitals for ensuring that medication is administered to patients at the appropriate time by following the medication order

A

nurses

68
Q

monitor the adherence to standard drug administration schedules based on the prescribed dosing frequency whenever possible

A

pharmacists

69
Q

outpatients must be instructed on how and when to take their medication by ____ or _____

A

prescribers or pharmacists

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the standard administration time are generally set by the institution

A

true

71
Q

STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME

Q24

A

same time the medication was started, not unless specified

72
Q

STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME

Q12

A
  • 6 AM-6 PM (before meals)
  • 9 AM-9 PM (after meal
73
Q

STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME

Q8

A

6 AM-2 PM-10 PM (with or without food)

74
Q

STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME

Q6

A

6 AM-12 PM-6 PM-12 AM

if given at 12:01 onwards, the dose will be charted for the ff day

75
Q

STANDARD ADMINISTRATION TIME

Q4

A

4 AM-8 AM-12 PM-4 PM-8 PM-12 AM

76
Q

calculation based on BSA is widely use for

A
  • cancer patients
  • pediatric patients

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