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⚘ > adverse drug reaction and drug interactions > Flashcards

adverse drug reaction and drug interactions Flashcards

1
Q

an injury resulting from medical intervention related to a drug and includes ADRs

A

adverse drug event

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the result of the intrinsic properties of the drug and can be prevented

A

false

cannot be prevented

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3
Q

types of ADR

A
  1. Augmented
  2. Bizarre
  3. Continuous
  4. Delayed
  5. End-of-use
  6. Failure of efficacy
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4
Q

the way the drug is handled by the body during absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion may affect humans in an adverse manner

A

pharmacokinetic

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5
Q

the most common type of ADR

A

augmented

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6
Q

TYPE OF ADR

  • predictable and dose-related
  • responsible for the majority of ADRs
  • usually caused by concomitant dx states, drug-drug interaction or drug interactions
A

augmented

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7
Q

subtypes of augmented ADR

A
  1. extension effects – related to pharmacological activity
  2. side effects – unrelated to pharmacological activity
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8
Q

TYPE OF ADR

  • very uncommon
  • unpredictable and not dose-related
  • have no relation to the pharmacological action of the drug
A

bizarre

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9
Q

TYPE OF ADR

  • reaction disappers upon discontinuation
  • illness often recognizable as immunological response
  • reaction is undetectable during conventional testing
A

bizarre

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10
Q

subtypes of bizarre ADR

A
  1. idiosyncrasy – genetically determined
  2. hypersensitivity reactions – response to environmental antigens
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11
Q

a rare and serious skin and mucous membrane disorder and is usually a medication reaction that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses to a painful rash that spreads and blisters

A

Steven Johnson’s Syndrom

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12
Q

examples of drugs that can cause SJS

A
  • carbamazepine
  • phenytoin
  • sulfonamides
  • sulfasalazine
  • paracetamol
  • naproxen
  • allopurinol
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13
Q

HYPERSENSITIVY REACTIONS

  • most common category of allergic reaction
  • occurs after antigen binds onto IgE found on the surfaces of mast cells
A

type I

Immediate or Anaphylactic Immune Response

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14
Q

drug of choice for anaphylactic shock

A

epinephrine

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15
Q

a life-saving drug that treats the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction by stopping the airway from swelling

A

epinephrine

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16
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

initiated by antibody directed against antigens found on the cell membrane of a given target cell

A

type II

Cytotoxic Reactions

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17
Q

HYPERSENSITIVY REACTIONS

  • tissue deposition of antigen-antibody complexes with complement activation and tissue damage
A

type III

Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

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18
Q

HYPERSENSITIVY REACTIONS

examples are:
* hemolytic anemia (Methyldopa)
* aplastic anemia (Chloramphenicol)
* blood transfusion reactions

A

type II

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19
Q

HYPERSENSITIVY REACTIONS

examples are:
* blood dyscrasias or serum sickness
* Arthus reaction
* SLE (Hydralazine, Phenytoin, INH, Procainamide)

A

type III

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20
Q

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue; can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs

A

SLE - butterfly rashes

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21
Q

a nonspecific term that refers to a disease or disorder, especially of the blood

A

blood dyscrasias

22
Q

can occur with many drugs, and in many but not all instances the mechanism is direct suppression of the megakaryocytes rather than immune processes

decrease platelets = bleeding

A

thrombocytopenia

23
Q

a small molecule that, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can stimulate the production of antibodies that bind to it specifically

A

hapten

24
Q

the drug function as hapten

A

hapten model

25
Q

the drug functions as an antigen

A

immune-complex

26
Q

the drug stimulates the production of antibody that attacks RBC causing its hemolysis

A

autoimmune or cytotoxic model

27
Q

combination of the drug with the red-cell membrane, with the conjugate acting as an antigen — non-specific binding of plasma protein to red cells, and thus causing hemolysis

A

hemolytic anemia

28
Q

believed to occur with cephalosporins

A

hemolytic anemia

29
Q

T-lymphocytes sensitized by an antigen release lymphokines after subsequent contact with the same antigen

A

type IV

Cell-Mediated or Delayed Type

30
Q

TYPE OF ADR

  • uncommon and dose- & time-related
  • associated with the cumulative dose of the drug
A

continuous

31
Q

TYPE OF ADR

examples are:
* tolerance
* addiction
* dependence

A

continuous

32
Q

compulsion to take the drug repeatedly & experiences unpleasant symptoms if discontinued

A

dependence

33
Q

condition where a person takes a drug compulsively, despite potential harm to themselves, or their desire to stop

A

addiction

34
Q

occurs when a drug has been used habitually & the body has become accustomed to its effects

A

physical dependence

35
Q

occurs when a drug has been used habitually & the mind has become emotionally reliant on its effects, either to elicit pleasure or relieve pain, and does not feel capable of functioning without it

A

psychological dependence

36
Q

TYPE OF ADR

caused by long term effects of drug and is related to dose and duration of the treatment

A

delayed

37
Q

TYPE OF ADR

  • uncommon
  • withdrawal symptoms
  • generally occur shortly after stopping the drug
A

end-of-use

38
Q

TYPE OF ADR

  • common, dose-related
  • unexpected failure of efficacy
A

failure of efficacy

39
Q

the demonstration of transformation occurring when the patient’s lymphocytes are exposed to a drug ex vivo suggests that the patient’s T-lymphocytes are sensitized to the drug. In this type of reaction, the hapten itself will often provoke lymphocyte transformation, as well as the conjugate

A

serological testing

40
Q

the best approach in patients on multiple drug therapy is to stop all potentially causal drugs and reintroduce them one by one until the drug at fault is discovered

A

control drug administration

41
Q

a measurable modification of the action of one drug by prior or concomitant administration of another substance

A

drug interactions

42
Q

explain the mechanism of actions & pharmacologic effects of drugs

A

pharmacodynamics

43
Q

a branch of pharmacology that focuses on the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the mechanisms by which they produce such effects

A

pharmacodynamics

44
Q

PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTION

1 + 1= 2

A

additive

45
Q

PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTION

  • 1 + 1 = 0
  • drugs that** inhibits the effect of the other**
A

antagonism

46
Q

PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTION

  • 1 + 0 = 2
  • a drug with no inherent activity will enhance the effect of another drug
A

potentiation

47
Q

PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTION

  • 1 + 1 > 2
  • response is greater than the combined effects of the individual drugs
A

synergisitc

48
Q

TYPE OF ANTAGONISM

  • utilizes the same receptor
  • produce an effect opposite of agonist by binding to same receptor
A

pharmacologic antagonism

49
Q

TYPE OF ANTAGONISM

occurs when the drugs act independently at different receptor sites, often yielding opposing actions

A

physiologic antagonism

ex. histamine + epinephrine; vit. K + warfarin

50
Q

TYPE OF ANTAGONISM

  • no receptor or opposing effect that is involved
  • occurs when 2 drug binds with each other to form an inactive compound
A

chemical antagonism

ex. protamine SO4 + heparin SO4

51
Q

TYPE OF ANTAGONISM

inInhibit the endogenous ligand from binding the receptor but possess some intrinsic activity

A

partial antagonism

ex. nalorphine in opiate receptor

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