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psych 2020 > Caffeine > Flashcards

Caffeine Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the most commonly used drug for psychoactive effects? And what % of the world uses the drug - which are the highest countries of consumptions?

A
  • Caffeine
  • 80% of world’s pop consumes some form of caffeine
  • World (70mg), Canada (210mg), Sweden (425mg) and UK (450mg)
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2
Q

Which Scandinavian and North European countries lead the list of caffeine consumption - which is the exception?

A
  • Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Germany, Austria
  • UK is the exception
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3
Q

how much caffeine does a regular cup of coffee have? what is the chemical name for caffeine and what is it associated with?

A
  • the regular coffee cup has 100mg of caffeine
  • 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
  • one of several methylxanthines
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4
Q

what is classified as dimenthylxanthines and what is it found in combination with?

A
  • Theophylline and theobromine

- found in combination with caffeine and with effects similar to those of caffeine

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5
Q

Where does methylxanthine occur in?

A
  • over 60 species of plants
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6
Q

xanthines serve what purpose?

A
  • protective purpose
  • when insects eat xanthine containing plant material there is an increased production of octopamine (an excitatory neurotransmitter which leads to overexcitation and death)
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7
Q

octopamine

A
  • doesn’t play a role in the mammalian nervous system so there is no similar adverse reaction in mammals
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8
Q

what are some plants that contain methylxanthines?

A
  • coffee, tea, yerba mate, guarana, kola nut and cacao (chocolate)
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9
Q

Yerba mate

A
  • indigenous to South America

- typically used by steeping the leaves similar to tea

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10
Q

Guarana

A
  • indigenous to South America
  • typically used by brewing the roasted berries like coffee
  • contains theophylline and theobromine
  • also used in a variety of energy drinks in North America (Rockstar)
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11
Q

what was the earliest drink containing caffeine used for psychostimulating effects? When was the earliest mention of its use?

A
  • tea

- Shen Nung used it in China dating back to 2737 BC

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12
Q

How was tea discoverd?

A
  • Shen Nung liked to boil his water before drinking it to ensure cleanliness
  • a leaf accidentally fell into the boiling water and was given to the emperor who liked it and tea drinking was born
  • tea drinking spread to China and then to Japan but didnt migrate to Eastern Asia until the 1500s
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13
Q

When was tea drinking introduced to Europe?

A
  • introduced in 1500s when European traders returned from forays to the Far East
  • didn’t gain widespread in popularity in Europe except in England and Russia
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14
Q

how did the British get the Chinese to accept tea and what did it contribute to?

A
  • British forced the Chinese to accept opium in payment for tea
  • one of the reasons for the Opium Wars of the mid 1800s
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15
Q

When was the first shipments of tea come to Canada?

A
  • Husdon’s Bay Company around 1716
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16
Q

what is the caffeine content of tea?

A
  • varies depending on the conditions of brewing but approimate amount would be 50mg/standard cup size
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17
Q

What does tea contain?

A
  • Theophylline (equipotent to caffeine as a stimulant)
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18
Q

during the early period how was coffee berries consumed?

A
  • chewed
  • later somewhat fermented and the juice was drunk
  • later coffee bean roasting spread to Africa and the Middle East
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19
Q

Sporadic attempts on banning coffee

A
  • Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire closed down all coffeehouses (1633)
  • attempts to ban coffee on a religious grounds bc coffee was considered to be an intoxicant like alcohol
  • these bans were short-lived and coffee use speed through the Muslim world as a devotional and social drink
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20
Q

who introduced coffee to the Europeans and what was it known as in Europe?

A
  • introduced by the Ottoman through trade, diplomacy and conflict
  • was known as “the wine of Islam”
21
Q

When did coffeehouses come to Europe and European bans

A
  • began to appear in the mid 1600s

- King Charles the II issued a Proclamation for Suppression of Coffee Houses in 1675 but lasted 2 weeks

22
Q

what was a popular nickname for coffeehouses and what did it reflect?

A
  • penny universities

- used to reflect the belief that coffeehouses had the intellectual atmosphere of universities but at much less cost

23
Q

how much caffeine is in a cup of coffee?

A
  • varies depending on how its made and the beans used

- 100mg is typically cited as the value of a standard cup of coffee

24
Q

what is the only xanthine found in coffee?

A
  • caffeine
25
Q

what is a common source of caffeine in North America? has consumption been increasing or decreasing? How much cola does Canada consume? Which countries consume more?

A
  • Cola drinks
  • consumption has been decreasing in most countries but has been increasing in many South American and Central American countries
  • Canada consumes 65L per year
  • US use to be the world leader in consuming soft drinks but the new leaders are now Chile, Argentina or Mexico
26
Q

how does caffeine get into cola drinks? Where does it come from and how much does a typical can have?

A
  • 95% of the caffeine is added since the kola nut used in production contains very little caffeine
  • most of the caffeine comes from the caffeine removed in the decaffeinating of coffee
  • typical can has about 40mg of caffeine
27
Q

Energy Drinks

A
  • marketed as creating a strong stimulating effect
  • consumption has been increasing worldwide
  • caffeine content either added in soft drink drinks or partly derived from guarana of the drink is often not much higher than a standard cup of coffee and typically pales in comparison to a Starbuck’s Grande
  • energy drinks lead to an acute improvement in cognitive performance and mood (primarily due to caffeine) but they aren’t greater than drinks with a comparable amount of caffeine, or sugar
28
Q

what does the balanced-placebo design show?

A
  • many of the attention/cognitive effects of energy drinks are based on expectancies
29
Q

in university students, what is the consumption of energy drinks concurrent with?

A
  • consumption of alcohol
30
Q

what are some of the effects of mixing alcohol and energy drinks?

A
  • likely to be more intoxicated
  • twice as likely to be injured
  • twice as likely to ride with a drunken driver
  • twice as likely to be taken advantage of or sexually take advantage of another
31
Q

what is pure caffeine marketed as? is it fatal?

A
  • pure caffeine is marketed as “anti-sleep” pills
  • there is enough caffeine in the bottle to be fatal
  • some pain killers and cold remedies also have caffeine in them
32
Q

marketing caffeine as “candies” - what products and is this dangerous?

A
  • caffeine in chewing gums & mints
  • dangerous bc it can lead to caffeine intoxication (ie. high HR, rapid breathing, elevated BP) for those who ate the whole gum pack at once
33
Q

what is the primary source for methylxanthine theobromine?

A
  • chocolate
34
Q

where does chocolate come from?

A
  • made from the beans of the cacao pods

- these trees are found in Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Africa, Asia

35
Q

history of chocolate?

A
  • was being used as a drink by the Aztecs when the Spanish came to Central and South America
  • the chocolate was taken to Spain by Cortes and they tried to keep its existence secret
  • chocolate was then given by Spanish princesses as betrothal gifts to Louis XIII (1615) and Louis XIV of France
  • this may be the origin of chocolate and romance
  • chocolate was considered a symbol of wealth since the 2 main ingredients (cacao and sugar) were very expensive
36
Q

chocolate and caffeine?

A
  • chocolate is not rich in caffeine but it does contain theobromine
  • chocolate milk: 40mg of theobromine
  • chocolate bar: 70mg of theobromine
  • Kit Kat: 40mg of theobromine
  • effects of theobromine are similar to that of caffeine but only one-tenth as potent as caffeine or theophylline
  • theobromine in chocolate can be harmful or fatal if enough is ingested by dogs and horses
37
Q

when was caffeine isolate from coffee and tea? what does pure caffeine look like?

A
  • coffee in 1820
  • tea in 1827
  • pure caffeine is a white powder, resembling baking powder and extremely bitter taste and most often taken orally
38
Q

how is caffeine absorbed?

A
  • taken orally and absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and significant blood levels are reached in 30-60mins and following ingestion peak blood concentration in about 1 hour and peak CNS effects in about 2hrs
  • the half-life of caffeine is about 5hrs
  • caffeine is metabolized in the liver and excreted 90% metabolized
39
Q

what is the enzyme that metabolizes caffeine?

A
  • inhibited by certain SSRI’s antidepressants and may result in an increased probability of adverse reactions to caffeine
40
Q

smokers and caffeine

A
  • smokers metabolize caffeine 2x as fast as nonsmokers and this may account for the greater level of coffee consumption associated with smoking
41
Q

pregnancy, contraceptions and caffeine

A
  • these slow down caffeine metabolism

- the half-life increases to 10hrs near the end of pregnancy

42
Q

caffeine and other methylxanthines - what are they antagonist to?

A
  • antagonists at adenosine receptors in both the periphery and CNS
43
Q

what is adenosine’s normal function? and what are some of its effects? and what does caffeine do when its binds to the adenosine receptors?

A
  • normally used to reduce the release of many classes of neurotransmitters and generally suppresses neural activity
  • some effects: sleepiness, dilation of blood vessels, constriction of bronchial passageways and reducing the body’s reaction to stress
  • caffeine has a similar molecular structure so when it binds it produces no actual neurochemical action - blocking and relaxing these receptors causes neural excitation
44
Q

what are some effects of caffeine?

A
  • constriction of blood vessels in the brain and this may relieve headaches
  • elevation of subjective mood
  • increased mental alertness
  • increased wakefulness and restlessness
  • decreased appetite
  • decreased quality of sleep
  • DOESNT counteract the effects of alcohol
  • increases urinary excretion of calcium, and inhibits the absorption of calcium (which may increase the risk for osteoporosis - especially in elderly women)
45
Q

the lethal dose of caffeine, pregnancy effects

A
  • the lethal dose for adults is estimated to be about 200mg/kg
  • 75% of pregnant women consume caffeine everyday form some drink - there are reports of babies being born with caffeine withdrawal but IS NOT categorized as teratological effects
  • maternal caffeine use is associated with a low birth rate and increase the risk for SIDS if caffeine is consumed in excessive amounts (ie. 400mg/day)
  • suggests that there’s an increase in adenosine receptors in fetuses exposed to caffeine which causes increased levels of depressed repression resulting from the excess receptors when adenosine acts during periods of hypoxia
46
Q

caffeine intoxication/caffeinism - what is it and diagnostic material

A
  • varies according to age, sex, cigarette smoking status and previous use of caffeine
  • a typical amount is 600mg to produce acute intoxication
    diagnostic criteria:
  • excess of 250mg is the minimum dose that the DSM V set but this would only cause caffeinism in a sensitive person
  • 5 or more of the symptoms: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, muscle twitching etc.
    ** cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other functions
    ** not due to a medical disorder or a mental illness like anxiety
47
Q

DSM V and caffeine

A
  • recognizes “caffeine induced disorder” but there is no Caffeine Use Disorder
48
Q

what is the typically pattern of consumption

A
  • consumption of moderate amounts over long periods of time inter spread by periods of heavier use and total abstinence
  • there is tolerance to many of the effects of caffeine - usually develops to most of the cardiovascular effects, locomotor stimulating effects and many of the emotional effects
  • physical dependance also occurs
49
Q

what are some withdrawal symptoms of caffeine consumption

A
  • most common is headache
  • weariness
  • weakness
  • anxiety
  • decreased motor behaviour
  • flu-like feelings (occasionally)
  • withdrawal begins about 12-24hrs after and it peaks in about 24-48hrs and is gone by a week - 10 days
  • it doesnt matter what form of consumption (ie. coffee or soft drink) caffeine comes in it can happen regardless from small frequency of fat doses or smaller doses more frequently

psych 2020 (29 decks)

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