Caesar: Bravery and Strategy in Battle Flashcards
erant in ea legione fortissimi viri,
Sentence 1 (Part 1/2)
There were in that legion two very brave men,
Sentence 1 (Part 1/2)
centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, Titus Pullo et Lucius Vorenus.
Sentence 1 (Part 2/2)
centurions, of the type to approach the first ranks, Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus.
Sentence 1 (Part 2/2)
hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur,
Sentence 2 (Part 1/2)
These men were used to having continuous disputes among themselves as to who should be preferred,
Sentence 2 (Part 1/2)
omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant.
Sentence 2 (Part 2/2)
and in all the years of their service they were contending for the highest posts with extreme rivalry.
Sentence 2 (Part 2/2)
ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, “quid dubitas,” inquit, “Vorene?
Sentence 3 (Part 1/2)
One of these men, Pullo, when there was very fierce fighting near the fortifications he said,
“Why are you hesitating, Vorenus?
Sentence 3 (Part 1/2)
aut quem locum tuae pro laude virtutis spectas? hic dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit’
Sentence 3 (Part 2/2)
Or are you looking for the opportunity which will merit praise for your valour? This day will decide our disputes.”
Sentence 3 (Part 2/2)
haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones, quaeque pars hostium confertissima est visa irrumpit.
Sentence 4 (Part 1/1)
When he had said these words, he advanced outside the fortifications, and burst into that part of the enemy which seemed the densest.
Sentence 4 (Part 1/1)
ne Vorenus quidem sese vallo continet sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur.
Sentence 5 (Part 1/1)
Not even Vorenus kept himself within the rampart, but followed, fearing what everyone would think about him if he stayed there.
Sentence 5 (Part 1/1)
tum mediocri spatio relicto Pullo pilum in hostes immittit
Sentence 6 (Part 1/5)
Then having left a moderate distance between himself and the enemy, Pullo sent his javelin into the enemy
Sentence 6 (Part 1/5)
atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit;
Sentence 6 (Part 2/5)
and pierced one of them as he was running forward out of the crowd;
Sentence 6 (Part 2/5)
quo percusso et exanimato,
Sentence 6 (Part 3/5)
who when he was hit and knocked unconscious,
Sentence 6 (Part 3/5)
hunc scutis protegunt,
Sentence 6 (Part 4/5)
the Gauls protected him with their shields,
Sentence 6 (Part 4/5)
in hostem tela universi coiciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem.
Sentence 6 (Part 5/5)
they all threw together their spears at their enemy (Pullo) and did not give him the opportunity to retreat.
Sentence 6 (Part 5/5)
transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitur.
Sentence 7 (Part 1/1)
Pullo’s shield was pierced through and a short throwing spear was thrust into his belt.
Sentence 7 (Part 1/1)
avertit hic casus vaginam
Sentence 8 (Part 1/3)
This event knocked his scabbard aside
Sentence 8 (Part 1/3)
et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum,
Sentence 8 (Part 2/3)
and hindered his right hand as he tried to draw his sword;
Sentence 8 (Part 2/3)
impeditumque hostes circumsistunt.
Sentence 8 (Part 3/3)
and as he was impeded the enemy surrounded him.
Sentence 8 (Part 3/3)
succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit.
Sentence 9 (Part 1/1)
His rival Vorenus ran to Pullo’s aid and helped him in his distress.
Sentence 9 (Part 1/1)
ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit;
Sentence 10 (Part 1/2)
The whole crowd of the enemy turned away from Pullo onto Vorenus;
Sentence 10 (Part 1/2)
illum veruto arbitrantur occisum.
Sentence 10 (Part 2/2)
thinking that Pullo had been killed by the throwing spear.
Sentence 10 (Part 2/2)
gladio comminus rem gerit Vorenus
Sentence 11 (Part 1/4)
Vorenus carried on the fight at close quarters with his sword
Sentence 11 (Part 1/4)
atque uno interfecto, reliquos paulum propellit;
Sentence 11 (Part 2/4)
and, having killed one, he drove off the rest back a little;
Sentence 11 (Part 2/4)
dum cupidius instat,
Sentence 11 (Part 3/4)
while he pressed on the enemy too eagerly,
Sentence 11 (Part 3/4)
in locum deiectus inferiorem concidit.
Sentence 11 (Part 4/4)
he was thrown down and fell into a lower piece of ground.
Sentence 11 (Part 4/4)
huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pullo,
Sentence 12 (Part 1/2)
As Vorenus was surrounded again, Pullo brought relief to him
Sentence 12 (Part 1/2)
atque ambo incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt.
Sentence 12 (Part 2/2)
and having killed several of the enemy, unharmed, they both retreated safely with the greatest praise back inside the fortifications.
Sentence 12 (Part 2/2)
sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit,
Sentence 13 (Part 1/3)
In such a way fortune delt with both men in their rivalry and the fight,
Sentence 13 (Part 1/3)
ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset,
Sentence 13 (Part 2/3)
that one who was the enemy of the other was able to help and bring him to safety
Sentence 13 (Part 2/3)
neque diiudicari posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.
Sentence 13 (Part 3/3)
and it could not be determined which of the two seemed preferable in virtue
Sentence 13 (Part 3/3)
quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio,
Sentence 14 (Part 1/5)
The more serious and more desparate the siege was daily,
Sentence 14 (Part 1/5)
et maxime quod res ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat,
Sentence 14 (Part 2/5)
and especially because a small number of defenders had resulted,
Sentence 14 (Part 2/5)
magna parte militum confecta vulneribus
Sentence 14 (Part 3/5)
as a large number of the soldiers were exhausted by their wounds,
Sentence 14 (Part 3/5)
tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur;
Sentence 14 (Part 4/5)
the more frequently letters and messengers were being sent to Caesar;
Sentence 14 (Part 4/5)
quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cum cruciatu necabatur.
Sentence 14 (Part 5/5)
a few of these were seized and tortured to death in sight of our own soldiers.
Sentence 14 (Part 5/5)
erat unus intus Nervius nomine Vertico,
Sentence 15 (Part 1/4)
Inside the camp there was one Nervian named Vertico,
Sentence 15 (Part 1/4)
loco natus honesto,
Sentence 15 (Part 2/4)
born of a noble family,
Sentence 15 (Part 2/4)
qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat,
Sentence 15 (Part 3/4)
who had fled to Cicero at the beginning of the siege
Sentence 15 (Part 3/4)
suamque ei fidem praestiterat.
Sentence 15 (Part 4/4)
and had proved his loyalty to him.
Sentence 15 (Part 4/4)
hic servo spe libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis,
Sentence 16 (Part 1/2)
This man persuaded a slave with the hope of his freedom and of great rewards
Sentence 16 (Part 1/2)
ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat.
Sentence 16 (Part 2/2)
to deliver a letter to Caesar.
Sentence 16 (Part 2/2)
has ille in iaculo illigatas effert
Sentence 17 (Part 1/2)
The slave carried this letter tied on a javelin,
Sentence 17 (Part 1/2)
et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit.
Sentence 17 (Part 2/2)
and being a Gaul, moving among the Gauls without rousing any suspicions, he made his way to Caesar.
Sentence 17 (Part 2/2)
ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur.
Sentence 18 (Part 1/1)
From the slave, the facts became known about the dangers facing Cicero and the legion.
Sentence 18 (Part 1/1)
venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines.
Sentence 19 (Part 1/1)
He (Caesar) came by means of forced marches into the terrirory of the Nervii.
Sentence 19 (Part 1/1)
ibi ex captivis cognoscit,
Sentence 20 (Part 1/3)
There he found out from prisoners
Sentence 20 (Part 1/3)
quae apud Ciceronem gerantur,
Sentence 20 (Part 2/3)
what was taking place in Cicero’s camp,
Sentence 20 (Part 2/3)
quantoque in periculo res sit.
Sentence 20 (Part 3/3)
and in how much danger the situation was.
Sentence 20 (Part 3/3)
tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet
Sentence 21 (Part 1/2)
Then he persuaded one of the Gallic cavalrymen with great rewards
Sentence 21 (Part 1/2)
uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat.
Sentence 21 (Part 2/2)
to carry a letter to Cicero.
Sentence 21 (Part 2/2)
hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit,
Sentence 22 (Part 1/2)
He sent this letter written in Greek letters,
Sentence 22 (Part 1/2)
ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur.
Sentence 22 (Part 2/2)
lest the letter was intercepted by the enemy and they found out about our plans.
Sentence 22 (Part 2/2)
si adire non possit,
Sentence 23 (Part 1/2)
If he (the messenger) was unable to approach Cicero’s camp,
Sentence 23 (Part 1/2)
monet ut tragulam cum epistola ad amentum deligata intra munitionem castrorum abiciat.
Sentence 23 (Part 2/2)
Caesar advised him to throw a spear inside the fortification of the camp with the letter tied fastened to the strap.
Sentence 23 (Part 2/2)
in litteris scribit
Sentence 24 (Part 1/3)
In the letter he wrote
Sentence 24 (Part 1/3)
se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore;
Sentence 24 (Part 2/3)
that he had set out with the leigons and would be there quickly;
Sentence 24 (Part 2/3)
hortatur ut pristinam virtutem retineat.
Sentence 24 (Part 3/3)
he urged Cicero to maintain his former courage.
Sentence 24 (Part 3/3)
Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit.
Sentence 25 (Part 1/1)
The Gaul, fearing danger, threw the spear as he had been instructed.
Sentence 25 (Part 1/1)
haec casu ad turrim adhaesit
Sentence 26 (Part 1/4)
By chance this stuck to a tower,
Sentence 26 (Part 1/4)
neque ab nostris biduo
Sentence 26 (Part 2/4)
and, unnoticed by our men for two days,
Sentence 26 (Part 2/4)
animadversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur,
Sentence 26 (Part 3/4)
was seen by a certain soldier on the third day,
Sentence 26 (Part 3/4)
dempta ad Ciceronem defertur.
Sentence 26 (Part 4/4)
taken down and carried to Cicero.
Sentence 26 (Part 4/4)
ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat,
Sentence 27 (Part 1/2)
He (Cicero) perused the letter and read it out in an assembly of the soldiers
Sentence 27 (Part 1/2)
maximaque omnes laetitia adficit.
Sentence 27 (Part 2/2)
and filled everyone with great joy.
Sentence 27 (Part 2/2)
tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur,
Sentence 28 (Part 1/2)
Then the smoke of the campfires was seen at a distance,
Sentence 28 (Part 1/2)
quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit.
Sentence 28 (Part 2/2)
which banished all doubts on the matter about the arrival of the legions.
Sentence 28 (Part 2/2)
