CADGES and hybrid identity

Question 1

What is identity

Answer 1

how we see ourselves; some say its fixed, postmodernists say it’s a fluid process

Question 2

What is a hybrid identity

Answer 2

a mix of 2 identities, caused by globalisation/media, can belong to plural worlds

Question 3

What is national identity

Answer 3

identity of a whole country; expressed through things like language, sports teams, flag.

Question 4

A key study on globalisation and national identity

Answer 4

HALL - 3 responses to globalisation = cultural homogenisation, hybridity or resistance

Question 5

What is ethnic identity

Answer 5

Identity based on ethnicity and heritage

Question 6

What are some key studies on ethnic identity

Answer 6

nayak - white wannabees. back - white youths attracted to black culture, form neighbourhood nationalism. Brasians - celebrate culture make it more fashionable; cultural code switchers; johal - hyper ethnic style as empowerment; mcdonalds burgers

Question 7

Sexuality and identity (Gay)

Answer 7

no longer seen as illness; equality act = illegal to discriminate;

Question 8

Study on sexuality and identity

Answer 8

WEEKS - larger part of identity if gay;

Question 9

Gender and identity

Answer 9

the socially determined expected rules of behaviour associated with gender and how these affect identity

Question 10

Key views on gender and identity

Answer 10

• 1st view - Biological view - gender is biologically determined
• 2nd view (Functionalists - PARSONS) - instrumental/expressive is both natural and determined by society, e.g. men physically stronger, women give birth
• 3rd view (Feminist) - patriarchy constructed stereotypes;

Question 11

Key studies on gender and identity (female)

Answer 11

• OAKLEY - gender roles learnt massively in family through canalisation, verbal appelation, manipulation and differential activities.
• MEAD - shows gender is learnt, not innate

Question 12

Key studies on gender and identity (male)

Answer 12

• CONNELL - 3 types of masculinity = hegemonic, subordinate, marginalised
• MAC AND GHAILL - crisis of masculinity
• CANAAN - whats most important about being a man? employed said stereotypes, unemployed said having a job - felt emasculated

Question 13

Views of disability

Answer 13

• medical model - impairment is problem; shakespeare = creates victim mentality, see it as their fault rather than society not meeting their needs
• social model - society is problem; disability is a social construct based on what we see as normal; shakespeare = hard to form positive identity due to inferiority, lack of role models

Question 14

Key studies of disability and identity

Answer 14

• GILL - master status of disability affects how we see ourselves, and we turn these feeling on ourselves
• ZOLA - words used to describe disability are opposite of able words, e.g. de-formed, ab-normal

Question 15

Stages of the life cycle and studies linking to age identity

Answer 15

• childhood - socially constructed as time of dependance/vulnerability; POSTMAN - in decline and may disappear due to media
• youth - stereotyped as resistance/rebellion; not all cultures have youth e.g. hamar tribe
• Middle age - negative; youth lost, old age approaching; BRADLEY - most status - top jobs and run the country
• Old - represents ugliness as our culture values beauty of youth; HOCKNEY AND JAMES - repetition of childhood, confined to specialist places; infantalisation in carehomes - dressed by others, pocket money, assumed innocent

Question 16

Classes and studies relating to class identity

Answer 16

• Upper - inherit; in decline but superrich increasing; MACKINTOSH + MOONEY - have invisibility through social closure
• middle - majority; most diverse due to range of jobs and income
• WC - decline in manual jobs had eroded and dispersed WC communities; romantisised as hardworking
• under - murray; feckless; differing norms/values