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NURS 2514 week 4-12 > CAD Pathology > Flashcards

CAD Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic Endothelial Injury

A

-HTN
-Tobacco use
-Hyperlipidemia
-Diabete
-Infection
_Toxins

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2
Q

How many % of occlusion shows signs of ischemia with exertion

A

75%

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3
Q

How many % of occlusion shows signs of ischemia at rest

A

90%

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4
Q

Collateral Circulation

A

Additional arterial connections found around areas of increasing occlusion
Body response to chronic, long-standing ischemia
When arterial occlusion is rapid there is no time for collateral circulation

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5
Q

When does atherosclerosis begin to cause symptoms

A

75% at exertion and 90% at rest

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6
Q

What are foam cells?

A

Cells with accumulated lipids

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7
Q

How do lipids enter the intima adventitia?

A

The lipids ruptures endothelium to enter the tubule

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8
Q

What are the three manifestations of cardiac chest pain?

A

Diastolic and systolic dysfunction
Electrical disturbances
Angina pectoris

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9
Q

Diastolic and systolic dysfunction

A

Failure of heart to relax and fill properly
Results in SOB

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10
Q

Electrical disturbances

A

ECG changes (ST depression)

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11
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest squeeze
Result from ischemia

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12
Q

Silent ischemia

A

Ischemia that does not cause angina

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13
Q

Atypical symptoms for Angina

A

Indigestion, aching jaw, fatigue, SOB, dizziness, generalized anxiety, weakness, flu-like symptoms (Often experienced by Women, Older adults)
Adults over 80 may experience disorientation or confusion

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14
Q

Chronic stable Angina

A

Prolonged exertion
Pattern predictable
Frequency, duration and intensity constant
only slight limitation of activity
Associated with a stable plaque

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15
Q

Chronic stable Angina duration

A

3-5 minutes
can be managed with nitrates

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16
Q

Vasospastic Angina

A

Angina due to vasospasm

17
Q

Triggers for vasospastic angina

A

Triggers include cocaine, meds (migraine, chmo), mg deficiency, allergic reaction

18
Q

Treatment for vasospastic angina

A

Treat with nitrate and calcium channel blockers

19
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

Myocardial ischemia and not immediately reversible
Associated with unstable plaque which ruptures

20
Q

How many % is occluded with Acute coronary syndrome

A

90% so patient with ACS need immediate hospitalization

21
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina (USA)

A

Chest pain that is new, occurs at rest, or is worsening, usually 15-20 minutes and pattern changes

often not responsive to rest or medication

Rupture of stable atherosclerotic plaque and partial occlusion by thrombus

22
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Myocardial Infarction

A

Plaque rupture and thrombus formationNecrosis begins on the endocardial surface (inside) and progresses to the pericardial surface (outside)

23
Q

How long can cardiac cell tolerate ischemia for until cell death begin

A

20 minutes before cell death begins

24
Q

STEMI vs NSTEMI

A

STEMI - full thickness infarction of ventricle
NSTEMI -partial thickness infarction ventricle

25
Q

Myocardial Infarction Clinical Manifestations

A

Chest pain
Dyspnea
Atypical symptoms: weakness, fatigue, anxious, dizziness
Skin: ashes, cool, and diaphoretic
CVS: increase HR BP but with decrease CO, BP decrease
Increase RR
Fever up to 38 degrees and last for a week
Inflammation caused by myocardial cell death

26
Q

Serum Cardiac Enzymes

A

Troponin
CK-MB: stays elevated for 6 days after MI
Myoglobin

27
Q

The Healing Process of MI

A

Neutrophils and macrophages remove all necrotic tissue
Collateral circulation limit area of injury
6 weeks after, scar tissue has replaced necrotic tissue

28
Q

Complications of MI

A

Arrythmias
Pericarditis
HF
Valve disorder

29
Q

Arrthymias

A

Most common complication
irregular heart rhythms
life threatening rhythms can occur

30
Q

HF

A

Loss of pump
Mild dyspnea, restlessness, agitation, tachycardia, pulmonary congestion

31
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation can spread to pericardium and exudate fill pericardial cavity
Cause friction rub over pericardium

32
Q

Valve disorder

A

Damage to the muscle can cause AV valve disorder

NURS 2514 week 4-12 (5 decks)

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