CA6 Flashcards
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Data is stored by …………………….., organisations, businesses and …………….
Governments, People
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Data has no …………… and can be ……………………. or ………………………….
Meaning, Qualititative, Quantitative
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Data is ……… facts and ………………. before it has been ……………………. and data can be made up of letters, ………………, symbols, graphics and ………………
Raw, Figures, Processed, Numbers, Sounds
Define:
Data
Raw facts and figures before they have been processed
Define:
Qualitative Data
Non-numerical data
Define:
Quantitative Data
Numerical Data
Define:
Information
data + [structure] + [context] + meaning
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Information is created when data is ……………………, sometimes it is unneccessary to give data …………….. and ……………….. to become information
Processed, Structure, Context
Explain:
Briefly, structure of data
How it is presented (eg: NN/NN/NNNN)
Explain:
Briefly, context of data
Context of data is the environment that we know and understand to make sense of the data
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The ……………. of data is that it is in the correct structure and put into context
Meaning
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Information is in ………………. while data has no ……………….
Context
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Information is data which has been coded/……………………
Structured
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Data must be ……………… to become information
Processed
Explain:
The order, and links, between data, information and knowledge
Data -> Information -> Knowledge
Explain:
Order of DIKW pyramid
- Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
- As steps are taken upwards through the levels (towards wisdom), questions can be asked about the data and answers provided with each step adding value to the data
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Linking a range of ……….. can also represent information
Data
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As soon as information is processed, linked and stored by a digital system or a person it become …………………
Knowledge
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Businesses and organisations collect and store data and will use this data to provide information which can then be used to make strategic ……………….
Decisions
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It is important data is stored in a way that allows the user to …………………..
Manipulate
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The selected data …….. will depend on what data is to be stored and how it will be used and/or ……………………
Data Types
Type, Processed
State:
6 main datatypes
Data Types
- Boolean
- Character
- Date
- Integer
- Real
- String
Explain:
Boolean data type and give an example of data
Data Types
- Only 2 choices
- ‘Yes or no’ OR ‘True or false’
Explain:
Character data type and give an example of data
Data Types
- Stores single character which can be a letter, number or symbol
- ’$’ OR ‘A’ - any character
Explain:
Date data type and give an example of data
Data Types
- Date with a defined structure (format will depend on how the date is used to be stored and processed
- ‘12/02/2025’
Explain:
Integer data type and give an example of data
Data Types
- Whole numbers (positive or negative)
- ‘-99’ OR ‘1’
Explain:
Real data type and give an example of data
Data Types
- Any number, with or without decimal places (positive or negative)
- ‘12.3’ OR ‘-2492’
Explain:
String data type and give an example of data
Data Types
- Stores alphanumeric combinations and text; a group of characters stored together as one
- ‘3T6HjV’ OR ‘Oxford Place’
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If stored data is the incorrect …….. type then any processing or analysis could be problematic causing incorrect ………………….. being made by the data holder
Data, Decisions
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Data may be ……………. between related organisations or within an industry such as that the ………………………. shares data within the country or with other countries across the world
Shared, Government
Explain:
A file-based structure
Used to maintain and organise single or many data files - can help with basic data management
Explain:
A ……..-based structure facilitates a range of application software packages to carry out functions for ……… users of the digital system
File, End
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In a file-based structure, each …………….. defines and manages its own ………. This can put limits on how the data can be used or ……………………… - important that the system allows ………………. access by different processes.
Package, Data, Transmiitted, Concurrent
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Data stored in a file-………. system should be consistently ……………… and stored so it is ……………………..
Based, Structured, Accessible
State:
2 issues with different areas within an organisation handling their own data
2 of:
* Different file formations being used, leading to incompatible data between areas
* Data duplication
* Lack of flexiblity in organising and querying the data
* Increased number of different application programs
Explain:
A directory-based structure
- Way tht files and folders are displayed to the user - often in hierarchal tree structure
- Can make it easier for end users to locate files as folder structure should be logical
Define:
Data wrangling
Data Wrangling
Process of changing unorganised and raw data into standardised data which makes it useful
State:
The 6 main steps in the data wrangling process
Data Wrangling
- Discovery
- Structure
- Cleansing
- Enrichment
- Validation
- Publishing
Explain:
Discovery
Data Wrangling
Initial step of understanding the data and fully understanding what the data is about and understanding the data will enable the best outcomes for its analysis
Explain:
Structure
Data Wrangling
Most data is unstructured and disorganised so it must be give na structure to make sure it is accessible and this structure will depend on the requirements of the output for analysis.
Explain:
Cleansing
Data Wrangling
Remove any anomalies from the data and make sure that it does not skew the final analysis if the requirements are not fully met. Cleansing will also remvoe any formatting anomalies from varied collection methods.
Explain:
Enrichment
Data Wrangling
If data that has been collected not fully meet the requirements, then one solution is data enrichment (or combining data sets). Enrichment of data involves adding or combining data sets so that the results of processing and analysis meet requirements fully. Data enrichment can be beneficial by saving a company by reducing the amount of primary data needing to be collected.
Explain:
Validation
Data Wrangling
Checking the reliability, quality and safety of the data is authenticated. This means checking the data to ensure it is complete and all data in a given field meets the same structure and level of completeness that is required.
Explain:
Publishing
Data Wrangling
The data output is full and complete and will enable analysis to be carried out. When publishing, the data must be made appopriately accessible.
State:
The 7 core functions of data systems
Core functions
- Input
- Search
- Save
- Integrate
- Organise (Index)
- Output
- Feedback Loop
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The …………. function of a data sytem is the collection of …….. data
Core functions
Input, Raw
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………………… can be carried out on data to meet the specific needs and …………………….. of the organisation and can be done multiple times with different ……………….. on saved data
Core functions
Searching, Requirements, Criteria
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Inputted data can be …………. to allow processing, …………… and searching later on. This data can also be edited and resaved
Core functions
Saved, Analysis
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Different data ………… and formats can be integrated into a single ………………… producing a full and complete output that meets specified needs and requirements. This is the core function …………………..
Core functions
Types, Location, Integrate
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Saved data can be given an ………… to ensure that it meets the needs of the end ……… and can increase the speed of …………………… data. ………….. can be efficient and time-…………….. This is the core function …………………..
Core functions
Index, User, Searching, Indexes, Saving, Organisation
Explain:
Output core function of data systems
Core functions
The processed and analysed data is sent to the relevant people or places
Explain:
Feedback loop core function
Core functions
Feedbck is output that is returned to, usually senior management, to help evaluate the process to correct tasks carried out in the input stage etc.
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Data entry is done by combining data …………., but initially is usually done by a ……………….. who is capable of making ………….. during data entry. There are features that can be used to reduce the number of data entry …………..
Data entry and maintenance
Stores, Person, Errors, Errors
Explain:
Transcription errors
Data entry and maintenance
Occur either when copying the data from the source document for data entry or by a user entering data online and the wrong key is entered or hitting two keys at once - entering incorrect data
Explain:
Transposition errors
Data entry and maintenance
When two eltters or numbers have been reversed
Define:
Validation
Data entry and maintenance
Checks that the data being entered into a digital system is sensible and reasonable, and checks it against pre-set rules
Define:
Verification
Data entry and maintenance
A check to see whether the data being entered into a digital system is identical to the surce document or initial data entry
Fill The Blank:
Validation is used to (attempt to) check that entered data entered is …………….., reasonable, within predefined ………………… and is …………………….
Data entry and maintenance
Sensible, Boundaries, Complete
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If an error in data entry is found on an online form, a useful …………… should be provided with details about the error and how it can be ……………….
Data entry and maintenance
Message, Solved
Explain:
Briefly, GIGO
Data entry and maintenance
Garbage In, Garbage Out
If incorrect data is entered, the data stored will also be incorrect and when any processing is done, the correct results of the processing may be correct in terms of the data but will be incorrect in terms of accuracy and usefulness.
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After data has been entered, during its lifetime it will need to be ……………… For example, by regular scheduled searches to remove redundant or expired data
Data entry and maintenance
Maintained
State:
5 main ways data can be presented
Visualisation
- Graphs/charts
- Data tables
- Reports
- Infographics
- Maps/Heat maps
Explain:
Data table
Visualisation
Extract or the result of a query from an information system, logically sorted and summarised - often used in reports alongside other visualisations
Data must be small and related for a data table to be suitable.
Allows for precise data to be presented whereas a graph could not do this
Explain:
Graphs and charts
Visualisation
- Makes it easier to understand data
- Easy way to show complicated data
- Common in reports at all levels of business
- Easy to identify trends and patterns using a graph or chart
Explain:
Dashboard
Visualisation
Live interface from an information source that shows how data is now, often with historic data
Explain:
Infographics
Visualisation
- For a less technical audience
- Information can be lost for looks
- Helps get complex ideas across to a mixed audience
- Collection of images, charts/graphs and minimal text
Explain:
Maps
Visualisation
- Data visualisation on a map which could show live data or historic data
- Overlay information onto a map to show how data will alter based upon location
Explain:
Heat Maps
Visualisation
- Use a colour scale over the data to show different levels