CA2 Flashcards
State:
“True or false value”
Boolean
Define:
Character
“Single character which can be a letter, number or symbol”
Define:
Integer
“Whole numbers, positive or negative”
State:
“Any number, with or without decimal places, positive or negative”
Real/Float
Define:
String
“A group of characters stored together”
Define:
Immutable
“When the value of a number data type changes, a new object is created”
Define:
Casting
“Converting a variable from one data type to another”
Define:
Data Structures
“Collection of data objects which facilitate the storing and managing of data in a program”
State:
2 advantages of using data structures
- Optimise memory usage within a system
- Can be reused and compiled into libraries
State:
“A collection of data items, can be of different data types and items are accessed using each data items index value”
List
State:
“Contains a group of elements of the same data type”
Array
Define:
Dictionary
“A set of values, each with associated keys. Items are unordered and when accessed by the key, will return the associated value”
Define:
Index
“A numerical representation of an item’s position in a sequence”
Define:
Scope
“Where a variable can be accessed within a program”
Fill The Blank:
A ………. variable is only accessable in a pre-determined part of a program
Local
Fill The Blank:
Two variables can use the same identifier if they are in different ………. because they are in a seperate area in ………
Scopes, RAM
Fill The Blank:
The scope of a local variable is the ………… where it has been ………..
Subprogram, Declared
Fill The Blank:
The scope of a global variable is the …………. program
Complete
State:
Where global variables are declared
Start of the program
State:
Where local variables are declared
Declared within subroutines or programming blocks and can only be used within the scope it is declared in
Define:
Snakecase
Where words are delimited using underscores: Variable_a
Define:
Camelcase
All words are started with a capital letter, apart from the first word with no spaces: variableA
Define:
Pascalcase
words are started by capital letters: VariableA
Define:
Hungarian Notation
Describe the purpose and/ore type of variable at the start followed by a descriptor that states the function of the variable: iStudentMarks
Fill The Blank:
It is important variable names are ……………. and easily ……………… and understandable.
Consistent, Readable
State:
Add Operator
+
State:
Subtract Operator
-
State:
Multiply Operator
*
State:
Divide Operator
/
State:
Integer Division Operator
// (DIV)
State:
Modulus
% (MOD)
State:
Equal To Operator
==
State:
Not Equal To Operator
!= or <>
State:
Greater Than
>
State:
Greater Than OR Equals
> =
State:
Less Than
<
State:
Less Than OR Equal To
<=
Explain:
AND
True if both are true
Explain:
NOT
Input is reversed
Explain:
OR
True if EITHER inputs are true
Fill The Blank:
Python treats files as either ……. or ……….. depending on the …………. of the file
Text, Binary, Contents
State:
When open() is used it requires two parameters, requiring the …….. ……….. and ………
File Name, Mode
State:
4 different modes of opening a file
Append “a” - appending (editing) a file
Create “x” - create the specified file
Read “r” - open file for reading
Write “w” - open a file for writing (overwrites current contents)
State:
How to close a file
{filevariablename}.close()
Fill The Blank:
If when creating a file (using “x”) and the file ….. then it returns an error
Exists
State:
3 constructs used when creating algorithms
- Sequence
- Selection (branching)
- Iteration
Define:
Sequence
Running a list of instructions in a strict order, the main logical structure of algorithms and programs
Define:
Selection
Making a decision to dictate the flow of a program
Define:
Iteration
Repeating a set of instructions
Define:
Sequencing
Order in which the program code is executed
State:
What ‘IDLE’ stands for
Integrated Development Learning Environment
State:
Why the IDLE is useful
Identifying mistakes; syntax and runtime errors
Fill The Blank:
Not all devices have debuggers, especially not ….. devices. If a device has no debugger then you can use ……….. debugging
IoE, Print
Fill The Blank:
Debugging can be …….. ………… and not …….. to use
Time Consuming, Easy
Fill The Blank:
In early versions of ……….. there was no …….. statement and developers had to use …………… mapping
Python, Case, Dictionary
Define:
Dictionary
Iterable data structure built in to Python that contains a series of values with corresponding keys
State:
3 uses of iteration
- Adding numbers
- Repeating functions
- Cycling through values
State:
Statement used to force a loop to stop (even if a condition is true)
break
State:
How to run a block of code after a for or while loop has been completed - that is not needed because it continues anyway
else:
State:
Statement used to stop the current iteration and continue with the next iteration
continue
Fill The Blank:
When code does not function how it is intended, it is necessary to …….. it
Debug
State:
Give 3 examples of mistakes that could cause error messages
3 of:
* Syntax error OR within syntax error:
* Missing punctuation
* Typing errors in commands/Python
* Missing indentations
Define:
Function
Code written to perform a specific task and can be used more than once
Define:
Built-in Functions
Functions included in the programming language
Define:
User-defined functions (UDFs)
Functions that can be created by software developers
Define:
Anonymous Function
Also known as lambda functions, functions not declared with the standard keyword (‘def’ in Python)
Define:
Method
A function that is part of a class and is accessed using an instance or object of a class
Define:
Arguments
Value that is sent to a function
Define:
Parameter
Variable that is listed inside the parentheses of a function
State:
2 requirements of a procedure
- Name
- Programming code to perform required task (code block)
State:
Difference between Procedure & Function
Function: Returns a value and control, compiled before and re-compiled if needed - with different parameter values
Procedure: Returns the control but no value, only compiled once - no values will change, a paramater value once accepted once cannot change
State:
Another name for linear search
Serial search
State:
How a linear search functions
Starting at the beginning of the dataset, each value is examined until a match is made
Fill The Blank:
Binary Search is a ……. search algorithm and works on the principle of ………… and ………….
Fast, Divide, Conquer
State:
What is one requirement of Binary Search
Data is in a sorted format
Fill The Blank:
The search ……….. is repeatedly …………. in half. If the middle value is greater than the value of the search then the interval is changed to the ……….. half of the array. If the middle value is lower than the value of the search then the interval is changed to the ………. half of the array.
This is ………….. until the value is found or the interval is …………
Steps of binary search
Interval, Divided, Lower, Upper, Repeated, Empty
State:
3 advantages of using linear search
3 of:
* List does not have to be ordered
* Fast performance when searching small to medium lsits
* Because list is not sorted, elements can be added and deleted - if needed to be sorted re-ordering would be needed
* Linear search is simpler and easier to implement
* Can be used on any type of data
State:
1 advantage of binary search
Faster performance than linear search because the data being searched is halfed at each stage
State:
1 disadvantage of linear search
Very slow when searching lists with large quantitiese of data items
State:
1 disadvantage of binary search
Data must be ordered/sorted first
Define:
Pre-written code
Code that already exists when developing new software either within your own organisation or from an external source
State:
3 ways that code can be reused
- Using third party libraries
- Open-sourced frameworks
- Repurposing code that has been used/developed/written internally
State:
2 benefits of using pre-written code
- Shorter development time - reduces time needed to develop a solution (python package index) because reduces time planning and writing code
- Improved end product - add greater functionality with pre-written code
State:
3 drawbacks of using pre-written code
- Security risks - code could have security vulnerabilities if not tested properly
- Lack of control - if changes are made to codfe they may have an impact on program being developed because you do not own it
- Naming conventions - Conventions used within the code and names can be different to a programming language that software is being developed in
Define:
Open Source
Software where the copyright holder grants users the right to use, edit and distribute the source code
Define:
Injection Flaws
Allow attackers to relay malicious code through an application to another system
Define:
Cross-site scripting (XSS)
Type of injection, where attackers inject client side scripts so that other users can view them and to bypass access controls; found on websites or web apps that accept end-user input
Define:
Standard Libraries
Contain reusable sections of code (modules) that can be incorporated into other programs/projects
Fill The Blank:
Built-in functions are pre-………….. functions with a set of statements. When these statements are combined with other statements or ………, they can perform tasks. This means a …….. does not need to create code to perform a particular ……………. because it can be selected from the available built-in functions.
Defined, Code, User, Function
Define:
Input validation
Checks made to ensure that data entered is sensible and reasonable.
Fill The Blank:
Abnormal inputs or conditions are dealth with using ……….. ………………
Error Checking
Fill The Blank:
Error messages must be ………. and provide users with the options available to ………… any issues. This is different to exception handling.
Clear, Resolve
Define:
Presence Check
Check to see if a required field that should contain data, has been left blank
Define:
Length Check
Ensures that data entered does not contain fewer or more characters than the specified minimum or maximum number
Define:
Type Check
Ensure that is input is of the correct data type
Define:
Format Check
Used to verify that the data input is of the correct format.
Define:
Range Check
Verify that an inputted value lies between a range of set values
Define:
Check Digit
An extra value transmitted with data to determine if it is correct or not
Fill The Blank:
It is important software is of good quality to make it more ………….. and easier to ……………
Durable, Maintain
Define:
Reliable and Robust
Code is able to deal with errors during execution and be able to deal with the input from the end user if it is not correct.
Fill The Blank:
If a user inputs invalid data it is important that the program can deal with this and provide an ………. …………………. so they can make changes to solve the issue.
Error message
State:
2 reasons to use defined style conventions
- Consistent format
- Maintainability
State:
The current style convention for Python
PEP8 - Python Enhancement Proposal
State:
4 things that PEP8 provides guidelines for
4 of:
* Naming conventions/styles
* Use of comments
* Use of white space
* The structure of the code
* Indentation
State:
Why it is not possible to enforce the PEP8 convention?
It is an open-source programming language
Fill The Blank:
Names in python must be ……….. and …………… to be easy to understand what they represent
Naming conventions
Logical, Sensible
Fill The Blank:
Irrelevant or inappropriate ………. can make it difficult to locate ………. during maintanence or ……………….
Naming conventions
Names, Errors, Debugging
State:
Convention for constants
Naming conventions
Capital single letter, word or words with words seperated by underscores _
State:
Convention for functions
Naming conventions
Lowercase word or words with words seperated by underscores _
State:
Convention for module
Naming conventions
Short, lowercase word or words with words seperated by underscores _
State:
Convention for variable
Naming conventions
Lowercase signle letter, word or words with no whitespace or special characters and words seperated by underscores _
State:
Symbol used to start a comment in python
Use of comments
#
Fill The Blank:
Comments make code easier to ……………… as the meaning of the code is explained
Use of comments
Maintain
Fill The Blank:
Comments should not explain obvious elements of a program but explain ………… elements
Use of comments
Implicit
Fill The Blank:
White space helps code look less …………….. and helps with …………….. and understandibility.
Use of white space
Cluttered, Readability
Fill The Blank:
If code contains too much white space then it can be difficult to understand which ……………… of code should be read together
Use of white space
Elements
State:
The PEP8 advice for use of white space when using operators, mathematical, relational or boolean
Use of white space
Single space each side
Fill The Blank:
If an expression has multiple operators then PEP8 advises to use white space only on the ………… priority ……………
Use of white space
Lowest, Operators
State:
2 things that the structure of code will have an impact on
The structure of code
- Readability
- Ease of maintanence
State:
Max line length advised by PEP8
The structure of code
79 Characters - including comments (because it is easier to read text vertically)
State:
4 examples of elements of code structure
The structure of code
4 of:
* White space
* Indentation
* Tabes or spaces
* Blank lines
* Line breaks
Fill The Blank:
Software testing is a check to establish if a software ……………. meets the …………………. and is ………… free
Software Testing
Product, Requirements, Defect
State:
2 purposes of testing of software
Software Testing
- Identify errors
- Find missing requirements/gaps
Fill The Blank:
Software testing is important because if …… or errors are not found it could be ……………….. or sometimes ………………………
Software Testing
Bugs, Expensive, Dangerous
Fill The Blank:
Testing ensures …………., reliability and ………………….. of the product
Software Testing
Security, Performance
State:
3 outcomes of software testing
Software Testing
- Save time
- Cost effective
- Customer satisfaction
State:
4 benefits of software testing
Software Testing
- Security - means software can be trusted
- Cost effective - cheaper than constant fixes later on
- Product Quality - Ensures that meets client requirements
- Customer Satisfaction - Ensures they are happy with the product
True or False:
Compatibility testing is a type of functional testing
Compatability Testing
False - It is non-functional testing
Explain:
4 forms of compatability testing
Compatability Testing
4 of:
* Hardware - Check software compatible with diff. hardware configs
* Operating System - Ensure that software is compat. with different OSs
* Software - Ensure compat. with other software
* Network - Test in network env. variate: bandwith, speed, capacity
* Browsers- Different browser testing
* Devices - Different types of device; printers, USB devices, Bluetooth etc.
* Mobile - Ensure compatible with Android and IOS platforms and mobile OS platforms; must be adaptive and respond to other; input methods, screen orientation, browser types
* Software Versions - Test to ensure compat. with different versions of software being interacted with
* Data - Test using data to confirm functionality
Define:
Backward compatibility
Compatability Testing
Confirm hardware/software is compatible with older versions of software and hardware already installed or in use
Define:
Forward compatibility
Compatability Testing
Ensure software/hardware is compatible with new versions of hardware/software
Define:
Beta testing
Resulting Service (final product)
A form of user acceptance testing performed by real users where a limited number are given access to provide feedback on the quality of the product
Fill The Blank:
Beta testing is used to increase quality through ………………. ………………..
Resulting Service (final product)
Customer validation
Define:
Traditional beta testing
Resulting Service (final product)
Software program is released to target customer and related data is gathered as feedback
Define:
Public beta testing
Resulting Service (final product)
Where software program is released to the world through online channels with improvements made based on collected feedback
Define:
Technical beta testing
Resulting Service (final product)
Software is released to a group of employees in a specific organisation to gain feedback
Define:
Focused beta testing
Resulting Service (final product)
Released to a target audience to collect feedback on specific features of the program
Define:
Post-released beta testing
Resulting Service (final product)
Released to intended end-users and data is collected and analysed so improvements can be pushed to future releases
Define:
UAT
Resulting Service (final product)
Process that verifies that a software program works for the end user as intended
State:
4 questions that UAT assesses
Resulting Service (final product)
- Can the user use the software?
- Does the end user have difficulty using the software?
- Does it meet their requirements?
- Does it function as intended?
Fill The Blank:
UAT is the ……….. before software is released to the use
Resulting Service (final product)
Last
Fill The Blank:
Testing ensures a solution, software or network, meets the …..-……. requirements and …………. as intended
End-user, Functions
Fill The Blank:
……… testing is used to understand the ………… and …………………. for a concept.
Concept, Strengths, Weaknesses
State:
How concept testing is carried out
Internal/External stakeholders provided with information on the basic concept who then provide feedback which is collated (combined) and analysed to decide if development should be continued
State:
One advantage of concept testing
Save a lot of unnecessary costs in the long term
State:
One disadvantage of concept testing
Can cost lots of time and money
Define:
Unit testing
Where individual components or units of a software program are tested individually
State:
At what phase of a project is unit testing carried out
During development
State:
Two examples that could be tested during unit testing
2 of:
* Individual function
* Procedure
* Method
* Module
* Object
State:
What is another name for unit testing?
White box testing
Define:
White Box Testing
Testing when the internal structure and design of the software is known to the tester (software development team)
Fill The Blank:
……….. testing is carried out after all units have undergone unit testing
Integration
Define:
Integration testing
Testing the interface between two software components (units)
Fill The Blank:
Integration testing is used to to test the …………. between units
Interaction
Define:
Big-bang integration
Types of Integration Testing
All units are put together and tested
State:
“Where lower level units are tested with higher level units and the system is broken down into the different subsytems and the integration between the units in each subsytem is tested”
Types of Integration Testing
Bottom-up integration
Define:
Top down integration
Types of Integration Testing
High level units are tested, using simulated low level units, and the low level units are then tested before being integrated and re-tested for functionality
Fill The Blank:
……… integration is a combination of top-down and bottom-up testing. The ….-level units are tested then the ……-level units are tested and are then tested again once …………………
Types of Integration Testing
Mixed, Top, Bottom, Integrated
Fill The Blank:
Mixed integration is effective for ……… products
Types of Integration Testing
Large
State:
4 things that performance (perf) testing is used to test for
4 of:
* Speed
* Response Time
* Reliability
* Stability
* Scalability
* Resource Usage
Fill The Blank:
Performance testing is used to ensure any performance issues are ……….. and ……….. while software is under a specific ……………
Identified, Rectified, Workload
Define:
System testing
Testing the complete and fully integrated digital solution
Fill The Blank:
System testing is …….. …… testing and is the ……. testing used to verify the system meets the required ………………. and tests the ………….. and non-…………….. requirements
Black Box, Final, Specification, Functional, (Non-) Functional
Define:
Usability/Acceptance testing
Forms of system testing
Tests if a solution will make an end user have a positive experience and ensure the system will meet the requirements of the stakeholders
Fill The Blank:
Load/Stress testing is a form of non-……………. testing which provides information on how the software/digital system performs under specific ………..
Forms of system testing
Functional, Loads
Define:
Regression Testing
Forms of system testing
Confirm any changes or additions to code haven’t had an adverse impact on existing features
Define:
Functionality Testing
Forms of system testing
Confirms that the software/digital system performs and functions according to the user specifications
Fill The Blank:
…………….. testing is used when seeing if a program/system can be moved to a new digital system like a new ……………. or server. This testing checks that …….. and any …………. can still be accessed
Migration, Platform, Data, Dependencies
Define:
Compatibility Testing
Test that the software will work on different platforms/environments etc.
State:
“A series of tests using boundary values, a form of black box testing”
Boundary Testing
Define:
Fuzz Testing
Introduce invalid, random or unexpected data as inputs to see what the result is
State:
“Testing of software when the internal structure and design is unknown to a tester”
Black box testing
Define:
Automated Testing
Automated Testing
Using specialised tools to control execution of tests and compare actual results to a list of expected results
Fill The Blank:
……………….. tests are repetitive actions and are automated
Automated Testing
Regression
Fill The Blank:
……………….. tests are when non-functional and functional tests are re-run to check any newly created code has not introduced new …… into the original software
Regression, Bugs
True Or False:
Automated testing is only used on functional testing
False - Automated testing is used on both non-functional and functional testing
State:
Purpose of functional testing
Functional Testing
Confirm functionality of the software system against the functional requirements (spec)
Describe:
How functional testing is carried out
Functional Testing
Test each function by providing an input and comparing the output against the functional requirements
Fill The Blank:
Functional testing is primarily ……….. box testing
Functional Testing
Black
State:
4 areas of a program that functional testing checks
4 of:
* UI
* APIs
* Databases
* Security
* Client-server communication
State:
4 factors that should be considered when selecting tools for automated and functional testing
4 of:
* Compatability with OSs
* Versatility
* Compatibility with a variety of platforms
* Test creation
* Maintenance
* Cost
State:
The purpose of Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
Get to the ‘root’ of the problem by asking questions such as:
* What is the problem
* What has caused the problem
* How can the problem be solved
Fill The Blank:
Once the ……… of a problem is found, an assessment of the situation can take place and consideration given to what lessons have been ……………. and how ……………. problems can be ……………. in the future
Root, Learnt, Similar, Mitigated
Fill The Blank:
The defined process for RCA should be followed to ensure the analysis is efficient, ……………. and …………..
Effective, Useful
Fill The Blank:
A …………….. can be simple with one root cause or more complex with multiple ………… causes and time must be given to establish if all the root causes associated with a problem have been identified
Problem, Root
Fill The Blank:
The problem solving approach should be …………… for investigating the problem, enabling gathering the …………………. and detailed ………………… as to why and how the problem has occurred.
Planned, relevant, evidence
Explain:
Why documentation during root cause analysis must be documented
Needs to be sufficient information to support the identification of any potential corrective actions that will be required
Explain:
The five ‘whys’ method in root cause analysis
When every ‘why’ question is asked, a further ‘why’ question is posed until eventually the root cause fo the problem is exposed
Fill The Blank:
Root cause analysis should be used when an ………… occurs that results in outcomes that …………………………. an organisation and its stakeholders
Issue, Disadvantages
State:
3 examples of criteria that that can be used to determine if an RCA should be carried out
3 of:
* Failure of service delivery/functional operations
* Loss of data
* The occurence of an undefined process
* System downtime
* Complaint or feedback from a stakeholder
Fill The Blank:
Step 1
Important to …………… what the problem is and the impact that is has on the stakeholders involved. How does it impact on the business ……………… and consider if there is a potential ……………. of the investigation happening on the stakeholders
Process of RCA
Identify, Function, Impact
Fill The Blank:
Step 2
What …………………. is there available about issues/problems that have occured and when did it happen and what …………… where also being carried out? Gather as much information and data as possible
Process of RCA
Information, Tasks
Fill The Blank:
Step 3
What would be the ………. on the organisation and stakeholders if the problem is not ………… at all - or delayed
Process of RCA
Impact, Resolved
Fill The Blank:
Step 4
Once information and data is gathered, identify what caused the …………… to occur - there could be more than one
Process of RCA
Problem
Fill The Blank:
Step 5
Use the … ………. until you get to the ……….. cause of the problem
Process of RCA
5 Whys, Root
Fill The Blank:
Step 6
If there is more than one cause to a problem, use a ………….. approach and plan and organise priorities of what should be solved first considering the ………. these changes can have on the organisation
Process of RCA
Systematic, Impact
Fill The Blank:
Step 7
Eliminate the problem by identifying suitable …………………., this will be affected by the prioritisation of tasks and the …………………
Process of RCA
Solutions, Investigation
Fill The Blank:
Step 8
……….. the process of changes in the technology and make changes as and when required
Monitor
Fill The Blank:
Step 9
Establish how and when the system will be ………../monitored to ensure that it is ………………….. as required
Tested, Performing
Fill The Blank:
When conducting testing on a digital system/software it should be done ……………. and not just as a form of end-testing
Iteratively
Fill The Blank:
A test plan should should be created with the planned tests at the ……… of the project but new tests can be ……………… to the test plan during the project
Start, Added
State:
4 things an effective test plan should do
- Identify the tests to be carried out
- Describe the purpose of the identified test
- Identify test data to be used
- Describe the expected results
Describe:
‘Identify the tests to be carried out’
Key elements of a test plan
- What should be tested depends on what is being tested
- Selection of tests in line with current
Explain:
‘Describe the purpose of the identified test’ when creating a test plan
Key elements of a test plan
It is important to ensure that the reason behind the test is clear and informative and tests are not grouped together and are instead identified seperately and the purpose of each test clearly explained
State:
The 6 types of data that must be considered when creating test data
Key elements of a test plan
- Valid
- Valid extreme
- Invalid
- Invalid extreme
- Erroneous
- Absent
Explain:
What is meant by the term ‘expected results’ in a test plan and how they are used
Key elements of a test plan
Ideal result that should be obtained after the test has been carried out; used to compare against actual results to see if there is an issue that needs fixing
