CA3Final Flashcards
Acepromazine (Dose, route, indications/contraindications)
D : 0.1 mg/lb, C: 10mg/ml, Route : IM, Phenothiazine, Ind : calming/sedation/antiemetic effects, Contra : seizures/aggression/hypotensive complications
What is the dose of Ketamine?
CSCC dose: 2-4 mg/#, 5-10 mg/# as sole induction agent
Important info about Ketamine (group, schedule, indications)
Dissociative (Cyclohexamine), Schedule 3, Painful IM admin, produces catalepsy, reflexes remain intact, metabolized by the liver
Propofol info
Ultra-short acting, sedative-hypnotic alkylphenol, dose 2-4mg/kg IV; rapid onset and short duration of action (2-5min), protein bound, vasodilation and decrease in BP, rapid recovery
Why should an animal under gas anesthesia receive an assisted ventilation per min?
Prevent atelectasis and ensure gas exchange
Appropriate rebreathing bag size calculation?
50ml/kg or 25ml/lb = bag size in ml
MAC and solubility of Iso and Sevo
minimum alveolar concentration
The MAC value of an anesthetic agent is a measure of potency and is the alveolar concentration that prevents gross purposeful movement in 50% of patients in response to a standardized painful stimulus.
Lower numbers indicate more potent agents, and values may vary slightly between species.
How to respond to anesthetic adverse changes (Hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia…)
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What is the best setting of ECG for average sized dogs vs small dogs/cats
Small : 50 run speed, 2 sensitivity
Average : 25 or 50 RS, 1-2 sensitivity
How does the alteration of amplitude affect ECG strip?
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How does the alteration of run speed affect ECG strip?
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How does altering the run speed and amplitude (sensitivity) affect the resultant complex?
run speed affects space between complexes (faster=smaller/closer, slower=spread out/ longer); sensitivity affects the height of the complexes (1x=normal, 2x=tall, 1/2x=short)
If the sensitivity (amplitude) of an ECG machine is changed from 1 to 2, the resultant pQRSt complexes will be?
taller
When performing an ECG strip, what does RUN 25 mean?
that the paper is moving at 25mm/sec
When performing an ECG strip, what happens to the pQRSt complexes when the run speed is changed from Run 25 to Run 50?
the complexes become wider and farther apart
Identify common arrhythmias and intervention for abnormal findings
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Identify common arrhythmias and intervention for abnormal findings
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Identify common arrhythmias and intervention for abnormal findings
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Identify common arrhythmias and intervention for abnormal findings
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Identify common arrhythmias and intervention for abnormal findings
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Indications for placing a urinary catheter
blockage, stone, paralysis, long surgery, difficulty urinating, neurologic bladder, urinary sample
Indications for performing a cystocentesis
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How to correctly place a urinary catheter
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Anechoic
When the echogenicity of a structure appears black. (fluids)
Hypoechoic
these structures appear darker on the ultrasound screen as compared to the structures around them
Hyperechoic
these structures appear lighter on the ultrasound screen as compared to the structures around them
Echogenicity
a term referring to how tissues reflect the sound waves
Basic principles of ultrasound guided cystocentesis
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what is the blood vessel of choice when drawing a larger volume of blood from a dog or cat for most blood tests?
jugular vein
What are some indicators of poor blood sample collection or handling techniques?
hemolysis, clotting, improper anticoagulant/blood ratio
purple top blood collection tubes have what in them and are used for what purpose?
EDTA and CBC
Blue topped collection tubes have what in them and are used for what purpose
sodum citrate for blood coagulation determination
For hematology tests, are clots in EDTA blood acceptable?
never acceptable
Complications that may occur during venipuncture
subcutaneous hematoma, hemorrhage, thrombosis of the vein, skin irritation at needle penetration site
EDTA plasma cannot be used for diagnostic testing because it forms a complex with what?
calcium
identify appropriate restraint techniques used when obtaining blood samples
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What is the purpose of leaving toes exposed when bandaging a limb?
allows for monitoring of swelling and toe comparison
Which digits should be visible to assess for swelling and hypothermia?
third and fourth
Problems that may occur if a bandage is placed incorrectly (too loose / too tight)
Too tight —> pressure sores and irritation, vascular compromise (hypothermia and swelling from veinous stasis), compress peripheral nerves (limb dysfunction)
Too loose —> friction abrasions from movement
Proper order of bandage materials used for application of soft bandages/splints
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Methods and reasons for performing a complete physical exam
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Which lymph nodes can be palpated in a healthy animal?
Submandibular, prescapular, popliteal
names and locations of heart valves
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characteristics of 5% Dehydration
undetectable
characteristics of 5-8% Dehydration
mild delay in return of skin to normal position, normal to slightly prolonged CRT, mm=tacky
characteristics of 8-10% Dehydration
definite delay in return of skin to normal position, slightly prolonged CRT, mm=dry/tacky, eyes may be sunken into orbits
characteristics of 10-12% Dehydration
skin easily tents and stands in place, prolonged CRT, dry mucous membranes, eyes sunken into orbits/Nictitans prominent, signs of shock may be observed (tachycardia, weak pulse)
characteristics of 12-15% Dehydration
shock, collapse, severe depression, imminent death
What vision tests and other ophthalmic tests are done?
History, Observation, Vision test (Menace, Tracking, Maze), Pupillary light response, Schirmer tear test, Examine front of the eye, Examine back of the eye, Tonometry, Corneal staining, electroretinography
Common clinical signs of ophthalmic disease
squinting, chemosis, epiphora, miosis, mydriasis, anisocoria, exophthalmos, enophthalmos, proptosis, hyphaema, hypopyon, phthisis bulbi
Chemosis
swelling of the conjunctivia
Epiphora
tear overflow
Miosis
constricted pupil
Mydriasis
dilated pupil
Anisocoria
different in size of the two pupils
Exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eye
Enophthalmos
sunken eye
Proptosis
forward displacement of the globe
Hyphaema
blood within the anterior chamber
Hypopyon
white blood cells (pus) within the anterior chamber
Phthisis bulbi
shrinkage of the globe due to disease
What are the different types of hemorrhage
Petechiae, Ecchymoses, Hematoma, Purpura
Petechiae
small pinpoint hemorrhage
Ecchymoses
Larger more spread out areas of hemorrhage
Hematoma
blood blister, Localized collection of blood
Purpura
ecchymoses combined
Otitis Externa
Acute or chronic inflammation of soft tissue components of external auditory meatus which sometimes involves pinna
What are the primary causes of Otitis Externa
Allergic disease, Metabolic diseases (Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s), Anatomical or congenital abnormalities
What specific organisms cause Otitis Externa
Malazzezia (black, moist, allergies), Otodectes (black dry, granular, itchy kittens), Bacteria (yellow moist to wet), Psudomonas (green moist, harder to treat)
Fluorescein stain: Purpose, techniques and interpretation
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Schirmer: Purpose, techniques and interpretation
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Tonopen: Purpose, techniques and interpretation
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What are the rules of the Tridan Numbering system?
100=Maxilla right, 200 = Maxilla left, 300= Mandible left, 400 = Mandible right; incisors 1-3, Canines always 4, Last premolar always 8, K9 maxilla last molar 10, K9 mandible last molar 11, feline maxilla and mandible 9
Alveolar bone
aka alveolar process, the thick ridge of bone which contains the tooth sockets
Alveolar process is comprised of alveolar bone, trabecular bone and compact bone
Pulp
vascular and nerve tissue forming the inner tooth
Dentin
a hard substance similar to bone forming the bulk of the tooth around the pulp cavity
Enamel
the hardest substance in the body, covering only the crown
Apical delta
space within the root canal that allows free passage of blood vessels and nerves from the periapical compartment to the pulp tissue
Cementum
hard tissue forming the surface of the root
Periodontal ligament
connective tissue of the root with attaches to the socket
Lamina dura
dense layer of bone between the cementum and lamina dura, radioopaque
Crown
the part of the tooth projecting above the gingiva covered with enamel
Root
the part of the tooth that extends into the bone and holds the tooth in place
Label the parts of this tooth
A - Alveolar bone
B - Pulp
C - Dentin
D - Enamel
E - Apical Delta
F - Cementum
G - Periodontal ligament
H - Lamina Dura
I - Crown
J - Root
Abnormal dental/periodontal structures/terms, causes, means of diagnosis
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explain a proper canine/feline home preventative dental care plan for pet owners
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Extractor
This instrument can be used to loosen and remove the major portion of supragingival calculus.
Periodontal probe
this instrument is used to determine gingival sulcus depth. It is calibrated into millimeter lengths. The tip is gently inserted into the sulcus, parallel to the long axis of the tooth, until soft resistance of the sulcar epithelial attachement is felt
Explorer
this instrument is used to determine defects of the tooth surface. AKA the shepherd’s hook. It can be used sub- and supra- gingivally
Ultrasonic scalers
ultrasonic vibration of a metal tip and water to remove supreagingival plaque, tartar, necrotic tissue, and debris. Each tip vibrates at a certain frequency. With the appropriate frequency of vibration and water pressure, a fine mist is produced
Drawbacks of Ultrasonic scalers
can scratch enamel, cut and etch dentin and cementum, and cause thermal damage to dental and periodental structures
P-3 Ultrasonic scaler
blunt tip (beaver tail), lateral edge used against the tooth surface, back and forth motion with the tow facing the marginal gingiva
P-10 Ultrasonic scaler
pointed tip (perio probe) tip can be used for fine detail work intral and inter dental spaces, caution as to not place too much force on the tip thus increasing the etching to the enamel
Hand scaler
usually sickle shaped with sharp edges and points, these instruments are used to remoe supragingival plaque, tartar, necrotic tissue and debris. hold with modified pencil grip. particle removal is best achieved with hand instruments
Curette
similar to hand scalers, but have curved, blunted toes with sharp edges. they are designed to remove subgingival plaque, tartar, necrotic tissue and debris.
Subgingival curettage
cleaning of the sulcus, sulcular epithelium and subgingival tooth surface
root planning
cleaning of the root surface
What are the instrumentation and principles for the steps of a complete dental cleaning
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Parallel technique
Most consistently accurate image of an object; position film directly behind and parallel to the long axis of the area being radiographed and the xray beam is directly perpendicular to that area and the film; onlu used in mandibular premolars and molars
Bisecting angle
Use bisecting angle (an imaging plan that equally divides the distance btwn the planes of the long axis of the area being radiographed and the film) and position the tube head for the primary beam to be perpendicular to this imaginary bisecting plane
Superimposition
x-ray beam is obliquely aligned in a mesial/distal direction -> interdental spaces appear narrow or superimposed
Elongation
The tube head or beam is perpendicular to tooth; results in a long tooth picture, the angle of the beam will be too close to the horizontal plane (beam is too low)
Foreshortening
tube head/beam is perpendicular to film/sensor; results in stubby teeth
What are the advatages/disadvantages of common suture patterns and knots
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What are the advatages/disadvantages of common suture patterns and knots
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What are the advatages/disadvantages of common suture patterns and knots
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What are the advatages/disadvantages of common suture patterns and knots
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problems associated with improper tension of sutures
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What are the primary causes of Otitis Externa
Allergic disease, Metabolic diseases (Hypothyroidism, Cushing’s), Anatomical or congenital abnormalities
Toxocara
(roundworm), infective by oral route, transmamary, transplacental, zoonotic potential (visceral/ocular larval migrans), very resistant in environment
Ancylostoma
(hookworm), infective by oral route, transmammary, transplacental, and percutaneous, causes anemia and diarrhea (tarry stool), zoonotic potential (cutaneous larval migrans)
Trichuris
(whipworm), infective oral route (eggs), may cause bloody diarrhea and large bowel inflammation
Cystoisospora
(Isospora/Protozoa/coccidia), overcrowding, kennels, poor sanitation, and stres, rodents are carriers
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium (contaminated water), Giardia (contaminated water, waxing and waning vomiting and diarrhea), Toxoplasma (cats are definitive host, immunocompromised)
Taenia
(tapeworm - multiple species), cattle, rodents, rabbits, and sheep can be intermediate host, zoonotic
Dipylidium
(tapeworm) from fleas, aka cucumber tape worm, transmitted from fleas to pets via ingestion
Canine 100
Toxocara canis - Roundworm
Canine 100
Trichuris vulpis - Whipworm
Canine 100
Dipylidium caninum - Tapeworm
IH : flea
Canine/Feline 100
Taenia pisiformis/taeniaeformis - Tapeworms
IH : Rabbit/rodent
Canine 100
Ancylostoma caninum - hookworm
Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum
Toxocara canis
Ancylostoma
Dipylidium caninum
Toxocara canis
Ancylostoma
coccidia
Isospora
Isospora
Sodium Nitrate Crystals
Taenia
Taenia
Toxocara canis
Toxocara
Capillaria
Toxocara
Taenia
Toxocara
Toxascaris
Trichuris
Baylisascaris
Trichuris vulpis
Trichuris vulpis
Zinc sulfate crystals
Air bubbles
Ancylostoma
Toxocara
Ancylostoma
Trichuris
Budding yeast
Cryptoisospora
