C8 Organic Chemistry Flashcards
what are FUELS?
react with O2 + release energy
word equation for COMBUSTION
fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
what type of reaction is combustion?
exothermic
examples of FOSSIL FUEL
coal, natural gas, crude oil, petroleum
as molecules get LARGER, what happens to BP? why?
BP increase (more atoms → stronger intermolecular force → more energy needed to break the bonds)
as molecules get LARGER, what happens to VISCOSITY and VOLATILITY?
viscosity: increase
volatility: decrease
how does FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION of crude oil work?
crude oil is a MIXTURE of hydrocarbon molecules with DIFFERENT BP → CONDENSE AT DIFFERENT TEMP.
- less C atom → low BP → evaporate, rise, condense at top (lower temp) → collected
- more C atom → high BP → condense at bottom (higher temp) → collected
after the fractional distillation of crude oil, how can each section be used?
define hydrocarbon
contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
what does combustion of hydrocarbon produce?
CO2 + H2O
general formula for ALKANE
C(n) H(2n+2)
general formula for ALKENE
C(n) H(2n)
general formula for ALCOHOL
C(n) H(2n+1) OH
difference between ALKANE and ALKENE
in terms of bond and property
ALKANE: only single covalent bond → saturated → unreactive
ALKENE: one C=C double bond + single covalent bond → unsaturated → reactive
uses of ALKANE
fuel (burn in air)
produce alkene by cracking
uses of ALKENE
fuel
making plastic
what test do you carry out to distinguish alkane and alkene?
ALKENE decolorizes bromine water
it’s more reactive so it reacts with bromine
what is the formula for METHANE and ETHANE ?
how do their molecular structures look like?
methane: CH4
ethane: C2H6
check drawing on notes:)
what is the formula for ETHENE ? how does its molecular structure look like?
ethene: C2H4
check drawing on notes:)
what is the formula for METHANOL ? how does its molecular structure look like?
CH3OH
check drawing on notes:)
what is CRACKING?
breaking up larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones (e.g. alkane → alkene)
describe the process of CRACKING EXPERIMENT
what are the properties and uses of shorter & longer chains of hydrocarbon?
short: burn more easily+completely → fuel
long: can be used under high temp. → lubricate machinery
use of GASOLINE and DIESEL
fuel in cars
use of NAPHTHA
making chemicals
use of BITUMEN
road surfaces
how can ethanol be manufactured?
- fermentation
2. addition of steam (H2O) to ethene
properties and uses of ETHANOL
dissolves grease → solvent
burns easily → fuel
define POLYMERS
long chain molecules made up of many REPEATING units of MONOMERS
what are the differences between ADDITION POLYMERIZATION and CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION？
ADDITION:
SAME TYPE of monomer join together to make polymer, no other substance is produced
CONDENSATION:
2 DIFFERENT TYPES of monomers join together to make polymer, WATER is produced
uses of POLYETHENE
carrier bags, containers, plastic bottles, etc.
describe how you MAKE NYLON
1) pour solution B into solution A
2) hard polymer forms at the boundary between solutions
3) tweezers pick up polymer, pull onto a glass rod, turn rod to wind up the nylon
MAKING NYLON:
why does nylon form at the boundary between the two layers?
the two reactants don’t mix
MAKING NYLON:
what does the nylon look like? its properties?
strong, stretchy, transparent
MAKING NYLON:
why does the nylon thread stop forming after a while?
one of reactants used up so reaction stops
describe how you MAKE UREA FORMALDEHYDE
1) add methanol solution, stir to dissolve urea
2) add dilute sulfuric acid (catalyst), stir
3) solution becomes thick and white
draw the product of addition reaction of HALOGEN to alkene
draw the product of addition reaction of HYDROGEN to alkene
draw the product of addition reaction of WATER to alkene
diagram of ADDITION polymerization
diagram of CONDENSATION polymerization (eg.nylon)
