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Chemistry paper 2 > C8: Chemical Analysis > Flashcards

C8: Chemical Analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

How can we test to see if a substance is pure or not?

A

Testing to see what the melting/boiling point is
If it is pure it will be very specific

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2
Q

What are formulations?

A

Mixtures of certain substances to fulfil a specific purpose e.g.
-Paints
-Fuels
-Alloys
-Fertilisers

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3
Q

What is chromatography?

A

The separating of a mixture to identify it’s constituent substances e.g. pigments in ink, drugs in urine sample

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4
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

What the substances move up e.g. chromatography/filter paper

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5
Q

What is the mobile phase?

A

The solvent e.g. water

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6
Q

How does the solvent move up the paper?

A

Due to capillary action
This pulls the substances in the mixture upwards, with lighter particles being moved further up the stationary phase

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7
Q

Where is the starting line drawn?

A

Just above the water line, in pencil (so it won’t move)
All measurements are made from this

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8
Q

What is the equation to calculate Rf (retention factor) values?

A

Rf value = distance substance moved/distance mobile phase moved

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9
Q

what can Rf values be compared against?

A

Known substances to identify them

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10
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

Lit splint produces a squeaky pop

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11
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Will relight glowing splint

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12
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Causes limewater to turn cloudy when bubbled through it

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13
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

Bleaches blue litmus paper

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14
Q

What do flame tests test for?

A

Metal ions

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15
Q

What colour will the flame turn if lithium is present?

A

Crimson

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16
Q

What colour will the flame turn if sodium is present?

A

Yellow

17
Q

What colour will the flame turn if potassium is present?

A

Lilac

18
Q

What colour will the flame turn if calcium is present?

A

Orange-red

19
Q

What colour will the flame turn if copper is present?

A

Green/blue

20
Q

How do we test for metal ions in a solution?

A

Add sodium hydroxide to make metal hydroxide (coloured precipitate)

21
Q

What colour precipitate will aluminium, calcium and magnesium produce?

A

White

22
Q

What happens when excess sodium hydroxide is added to aluminium?

A

The white precipitate will dissolve

23
Q

What colour precipitate will copper (II) (Cu2+) produce?

A

Blue

24
Q

What colour precipitate will iron (II) (Fe2+) produce?

A

Green

25
Q

What colour precipitate will iron (III) (Fe3+) produce?

A

Brown

26
Q

What is an example of an ionic equation for metal ions in a solution?

A

Cu2+ + 2OH- -> Cu(OH)2

27
Q

How do we test for carbonates?

A
  • React with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide
  • Set up delivery tube so any gas involved will be collected
  • Limewater will go cloudy
28
Q

How do we test for halide ions?

A

Will produce a precipitate when mixed with silver nitrate & nitric acid
-Chlorine ions = white
-Bromide ions = cream
-Iodide ions = yellow

29
Q

What will be produced when sulphate ions are mixed with barium chloride & hydrochloric acid?

A

A white precipitate

30
Q

What is flame emission spectroscopy?

A

Involves analysing the wavelengths of light emitted from a flame, which can be used to identify ions accurately

31
Q

What are benefits of flame emission spectroscopy?

A

It is accurate, sensitive, unbiased & rapid

32
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

Made up of 1 element or compound

33
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Lots of different things in it, not chemically bonded together

34
Q

What is the test for pure substances?

A
  • Get crystals of pure solution into a very, very thin tube
  • Melt in melting point apparatus
  • See if it melts at one temp, or slowly over a range of temperatures
35
Q

Why is a lid put on the chromatography beaker?

A

To stop the solvent evaporating

36
Q

What colour will the flame turn if barium is present?

A

Green

Chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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