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Chemistry paper 2 > C7: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

How is crude oil made?

A

Plankton buried underwater and compressed over a long time

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2
Q

What does crude oil consist of?

A

Hydrocarbons (Molecules made from only carbon & hydrogen) of different lengths

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes & Alkenes

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4
Q

What are alkanes made up of?

A
  • Single-covalently bonded carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms (we say alkanes are saturated)
  • Hydrogen makes 1 bond
  • Carbon makes 4 bonds
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5
Q

What must hydrocarbons in crude oil be separated into before they can be used?

A

Fractions

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6
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
  • Hydrocarbons evaporated and rise up the fractionating column where they recondense at different heights
  • Longer alkanes have higher boiling points due to more energy needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces, so they recondense lower down the column
  • Gases at top
  • Liquid and thicker oil collect in the middle
  • Top = really flammable
  • Bottom = really viscous
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7
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

Fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

Fuel + oxygen -> carbon monoxide/carbon + water

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9
Q

What alkenes have higher viscosity?

A

Longer ones

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10
Q

What alkenes are more flammable?

A

Shorter ones

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11
Q

What can hydrocarbons be used to make?

A

Solvents, lubricants, detergents and polymers (used to make plastics)

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12
Q

What are polymers made from?

A

AlkEnes

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13
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon with at least one double covalent bond
Alkenes are unsaturated

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14
Q

How do we test for alkenes?

A

Bromine water turns from orange to colourless
This is due to the bromine atoms bonding to the alkene by breaking the double bond. The molecule has been saturated

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15
Q

What is a problem with crude oil?

A

The demand for shorter alkanes is much higher compared to longer ones

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16
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking longer alkanes into a shorter alkane and an alkene

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17
Q

What does catalytic cracking require?

A

-Zeolite catalyst
-Temp of 550 degrees celsius

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18
Q

What does steam cracking require?

A

-No catalyst
-Higher temperature at >800 degrees celsius

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19
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

-An organic molecule with an -OH (hydroxyl) function group
-Always ends with -ol

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20
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion involving alcohol?

A

Alcohol + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

21
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion involving alcohol?

A

Alcohol + oxygen -> carbon monoxide/carbon + water

22
Q

What do ethanol + sodium make?

A

Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen

23
Q

What does an alcohol produce when it is oxidised without combustion?

A

A carboxylic acid (-COOH)

24
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long chained organic molecules of repeating sections made from monomers

25
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation?

A

-Monomers joined together
-Must contain a double bond, which breaks in order to produce a single bond to bond to the next monomer

26
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

The polymerisation of different monomers that have two functional groups on the ends of the molecules

27
Q

What does a carboxylic acid + alcohol produce?

A

An ester + water

28
Q

What happens when an alcohol with -OH on both end reacts with a carboxylic acid with -COOH on both ends?

A

Makes a polyester while water is also produced

29
Q

What do amino acids contain?

A

-An amino group (-NH2)
-A carboxyl group (-COOH)

30
Q

What can amino acids be polymerised to make?

A

Polypeptides and proteins

31
Q

What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A
  • A two-stranded polymer made from monomers called nucleotides
  • Double helix structure
32
Q

What is starch a polymer of?

33
Q

What is cellulose a polymer of?

A

Beta-glucose

34
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made up from hydrogen and carbon only

35
Q

What does cracking long hydrocarbons using heat and a catalyst produce?

A

Short alkanes and alkenes

36
Q

What is complete combustion?

A
  • Lots of oxygen
  • Roaring blue flame
37
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A
  • Restricted oxygen
  • Orange flame
38
Q

What is hydrogenation/hardening?

A
  • Alkenes + hydrogen -> Alkenes
  • Done at 60 degrees C + nickel catalyst
39
Q

What is hydration?

A
  • Alkenes + water -> Alcohol
  • Alkenes + hydrogen -> Halo alkene
40
Q

What are uses of alcohol?

A
  • Drinking
  • Solvent
41
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

42
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with oxygen?

43
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with water?

44
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A
  • Sugar -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
  • Yeast, 37 degrees C
45
Q

What are uses of carboxylic acids?

46
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

47
Q

What are the 4 bases and what do they bond with?

A
  • A, C, T, G
  • A always bonds with T
  • C always bonds with G
48
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • A section of DNA
  • Holds the information for making amino acids and proteins
49
Q

What is the sugar phosphate backbone?

A

2 strands that go up the side around the DNA

Chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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