C7 - Organics Flashcards
How is crude oil made?
Dead organisms and plankton are squashed under high pressure and temperature over millions of years
Crude oil consists of of… (HC)
Hydrocarbons- molecules made of only CARBON AND HYDROGEN
Two types of hydrocarbon
Alkene and alkane
Alkanes are made of ______-covalently bonded CARBON atoms surrounded by ______ atoms
Single-covalently. Hydrogen
First four hydrocarbons (Monkeys eat peanut butter)
Methane/ene. 1 carbon
Ethane/ene. 2 carbons
Propane/ene. 3 carbons
Butane/ene. 4 carbons
General formula for alkanes
Can +H2n+2
Methane chemical formula
CH4
Ethane chemical formula
C2H6
Propane chemical formula
C3H8
Butane chemical formula
C4H10
How do we separate the hydrocarbons in crude oil?
Fractional distillation
Hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into 6 different FRACTIONS, what are they? In order of boiling point (highest to lowest)
LPG
PETROL
KEROSENE
DIESEL OIL
HEAVY FUEL OIL
BITUMEN
Petrol is used in
Cars
Kerosene is used to fuels
Planes
Diesel oil is used to fuel
Trucks
Heavy fuel oil is used to fuel
Ships
Bitumen is used in
Roads (concrete)
Fractional distillation explained
-Crude oil is evaporated
-Rises up fractionating column(higher the colder)
-Fractions condense at different points due to different boiling points
-Collected as separate fractions
Longer or shorter alkanes have higher boiling points?
Longer
Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?
More energy is needed to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces and there are more intermolecular forces because it is longer
Longer or shorter alkanes have a higher viscosity
Longer
Shorter or longer alkanes are more flammable
Shorter
Polymers are made from
ALKENES not alkanes
An ALKENE is a hydrocarbon with at least one _______ covalent bond (on one of the carbons)
Double
Equation for complete combustion
Fuel + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + water
Incomplete combustion equation
Fuel + oxygen —>Carbon monoxide+ Water
Alkenes general formula
CnH2n
How to test for alkenes
Bromine
What happens to bromine water mixed with an Alkene
Goes Colourless
Why does bromine water turn colourless in the present of an Alkene
Bromine atoms bond to the Alkene by breaking the double bond
Water reacts with an Alkene to produce an
Alcohol
What is cracking?
The process of breaking down longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful ones to meet demands
What are the conditions of steam cracking
Steam
>800 degrees Celsius
Cracking splits an Alkane into an ____and an_____
Alkene and Alkane
Alcohol functional group
-OH
Ethanol + Sodium ——->
Sodium ethoxide + Hydrogen
An alcohol can be oxidised to produce a
Carboxylic acid
Polymers are long chained organic molecules of repeating sections made from
Monomers
Catalytic cracking conditions
Zeolite catalyst
550 degrees Celsius
Monomers joined together by ADDITION POLYMERISATION must contain a
DOUBLE BOND, which breaks in order to produce a single bond
Carboxylic acid + alcohol —>
Ester + Water
