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Chemistry Paper 2 > C7: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon? [2]:

A
  • Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
  • Hydrocarbons differ in their size, which can change the properties of the hydrocarbon.
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2
Q

Crude oil [4]:

A
  • Crude oil is a mixture of lots of different compounds that are not chemically combined.
  • Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.
  • It is a non-renewable/ finite resource
  • It is found in rocks and is used to produce other important chemicals
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3
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

From compressing the fossilised remains of ancient plankton

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4
Q

What can crude oil be used to produce? [2]:

A
  • Fuels

- Tarmac

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5
Q

Properties of long chain hydrocarbons [3]:

A
  • Higher boiling points
  • High viscosity (very viscous)
  • They are less flammable
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6
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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7
Q

Properties of alkanes [5]:

A
  • They are quite unreactive but they burn well
  • They make good fuels
  • Do NOT readily react with hydrogen water or the halogens
  • No reaction with bromine water
  • General formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
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8
Q

What are the 4 smallest alkanes?

A
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
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9
Q

Fractional distillation in organic chemistry

[2]:

A
  • The process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms
    (Long chain hydrocarbons into smaller ones)
  • We call these groups of hydrocarbons “fractions”
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10
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons using their different boiling points

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11
Q

Distillation process [5]:

A
  • Crude oil is heated until it evaporates
  • Crude oil vapour is put into a fractionating column from the bottom and rises upwards
  • Long chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom and are collected as liquids
  • Short chain hydrocarbon have lower boiling points and so condense at lower temperatures near the top of the column
  • The fractions are collected and processed to create end products
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12
Q

Products of fractional distillation [4]:

A
  • Solvents
  • Lubricants
  • Polymers
  • Detergents
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13
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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14
Q

The equation for the complete combustion of alkanes:

A

alkane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

What are 3 properties of Carbon Monoxide?

A
  • Colourless
  • Odourless
  • Toxic
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16
Q

Burning hydrocarbons with oxygen [2]:

A 
The combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons when there is a good air supply involve: 
-Energy release and the oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to create carbon dioxide and water
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17
Q

Burning Alkanes with lack of oxygen:

A

If alkanes are burned without enough oxygen, then carbon

monoxide can be created

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18
Q

Reactivity of alkenes [2]:

A
  • Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes

- Alkenes react with orange-brown bromine water and turn it colourless

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19
Q

The demand for short-chain hydrocarbons [3]:

A
  • There is a large supply of longer hydrocarbons
  • However, there is a higher demand for small chain hydrocarbons because they have more uses
  • Cracking helps to satisfy this demand
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20
Q

What are the products of cracking? [2]:

A
  • Alkanes

- Alkenes

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21
Q

How can you test for Alkenes?

A
  • Put them in orange-brown bromine water.

- If alkenes are present then the bromine water will become colourless

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22
Q

Cracking [definition]:

A

Breaking down long hydrocarbon chains into smaller more useful chains

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23
Q

Name two methods of cracking:

A
  • Steam cracking

- Catalytic cracking

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24
Q

Catalytic cracking [2]:

A
  • Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a hot catalyst

- The products include alkanes and alkenes

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25
Q

what is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

c double bond

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26
Q

Steam cracking [2]:

A
  • Vaporised heavy (long-chain) hydrocarbons are mixed with steam in a high-temperature environment
  • The products include alkanes and alkenes
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27
Q

Saturated or not?

[2]:

A
  • Alkanes are saturated

- Alkenes are unsaturated

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28
Q

What type of bonds do all alkenes contain?

A

a double bond

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29
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They contain 2 fewer hydrogens than alkanes (that have the same number of carbons) have

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30
Q

Properties of alkenes [6]:

A
  • Decolourise bromine water
  • contain only one C=C bond
  • react with hydrogen water and the halogens by an addition reaction
  • unsaturated
  • During complete combustion, they produce water and carbon dioxide only
  • More reactive than alkanes
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31
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

[2]:

A
  • Carbon monoxide

- Soot

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32
Q

What are the uses of alkenes?

[2]:

A
  • Being combined to make polymers

- They are starting materials for chemicals like alcohols

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33
Q

What are the 4 shortest alkenes?

A
  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
  • Pentene
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34
Q

Why is there no methene?

A

Because there cannot be a C=C as there is only 1 carbon

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35
Q

What does a functional group do?

A
  • A functional group is a group of atoms that determine (decide) how an organic compound will react
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36
Q

Addition reactions with alkenes [2]:

A
  • Addition reactions are normal for alkenes.

- In these reactions, the carbon-carbon double bond opens up and allows new atoms to bond to the carbons.

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37
Q

What happens during an alkene addition reaction?

A

The carbon double-bond opens up

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38
Q

What is it called when a substance reacts with oxygen?

A

Combustions

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39
Q

What is the name of the process of adding hydrogen atoms across a carbon-carbon double bond?

A

Hydrogenation

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40
Q

Why do alkenes produce smoky flames when they react with oxygen in combustion?

A
  • Because their combustion is more complete than alkane’s combustion
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41
Q

What do you need for alkenes to react with water?

[2]:

A
  • The water to be in a gaseous state

- A phosphoric acid catalyst

42
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

A hydroxyl group (OH)

43
Q

What is the general formula of the alcohol homologous series?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

44
Q

Properties of alcohols [4]:

A
  • Mixes with water
  • Can be oxidised to form a carboxylic acid
  • Has a pH of 7
  • Burns to release heat energy
45
Q

Uses of alcohols [4]:

A
  • Alcoholic drinks
  • Fuels
  • Mouthwashes
  • Aftershaves
46
Q

What are two methods of producing Ethanol?

A
  • Fermentation

- Hydration

47
Q

What are the conditions needed for fermentation?

[3]:

A
  • A temperature between 25°C and 45°C
  • Water but no oxygen
  • Glucose solutions
    (these are the optimum conditions for the enzymes of yeast)
48
Q

How are aqueous solutions of ethanol produced?

A

When sugar solutions are fermented using yeast

49
Q

Fermentation process [4]:

A
  • The single-celled fungus yeast is added
  • Air is kept out of the mixture and is kept at about 40°C for a few days
  • The natural catalyst yeast ferments the sugars in the plant material to make carbon dioxide and ethanol
  • Pure ethanol is extracted from the fermented mixture by fractional distillation
50
Q

Hydration process [6]:

A
  • Crude oil is extracted from the earth
  • Crude oil undergoes fractional distillation
  • The heavy fractions like bitumen are cracked to make a mixture of products including ethene
  • Ethene is reacted with steam at 300°C, 60-70 atmospheres with a phosphoric acid catalyst
  • The mixture is cooled so that ethanol condenses and can be run off
  • Unreacted gases are recycled onto the reactor again
51
Q

Fermentation is a …………………….. way of producing Ethanol

A

renewable

52
Q

Hydration is a ……………………… way of producing ethanol

A

non-renewable

53
Q

What happens when ethanol reacts with sodium? [2]:

A
  • Bubbles of hydrogen gas are given off and colourless sodium ethoxide solution is left
  • Sodium + Ethanol = Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
54
Q

Alcohol + water:

A

All the alcohols dissolved in water give colourless solutions with a pH of 7

55
Q

What happens when alcohols react with an oxidising reagent?

A

They make a carboxylic acid

e.g ethanol will oxidise to make ethanoic acid

56
Q

Rules when drawing the displayed formula [3]:

A
  • Carbon always has 4 bonds
  • Oxygen always has 2 bonds
  • Hydrogen always has 1 bond
57
Q

What is the functional group of Carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

58
Q

What is the first 4 alcohols?

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
59
Q

What is the general formula of Carboxylic acids?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH

COOH is included on the n

60
Q

What is the formula of Methanoic acid?

A

CHOOH

61
Q

What is butanoic acid used for?

A

It is used as a natural repellant

62
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

COOC

63
Q

Esters [2]:

A
  • They are made when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
  • Esters have two-part names which ends in -oate
    e. g ethyl ethanoate
64
Q

Ester [definition]:

A

An organic compound made when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid

65
Q

Alkene [definition]:

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one C=C

66
Q

Alkane [definition]:

A

A saturated hydrocarbon

67
Q

Alcohol [definition]:

A

An organic compound with an -OH functional group

68
Q

Carboxylic acid [definition]:

A

An organic compound which is a weak acid and contains the -COOH functional group

69
Q

Why are carboxylic acids described as weak?

A

They are only partially ionising and they give off relatively few hydrogen ions in comparison to stronger acids and have a higher pH than strong acids

70
Q

Name the first 4 members of the homologous series of carboxylic acids:

A
  • Methanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid
  • Propanoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
71
Q

Properties of esters [2]:

A
  • Smells sweet

- If insoluble, oily layer when added to water

72
Q

Properties of carboxylic acid [4]:

A
  • Efferveces with sodium carbonate to make carbon dioxide
  • Litmus or universal indicator shows it is an acid
  • pH probe shows that the value of 7
  • Efferveces with a reactive metal to make hydrogen
73
Q

Addition Polymerisation [3]:

A
  • In addition polymerisation reactions, many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)
  • When monomers join together the double bonds open up and are replaced by single covalent bonds
  • The polymer is made up of repeating pattern of atoms known as repeating units which is drawn in brackets
74
Q

How are addition polymers produced?

A

When lots of small molecules called monomers join together

75
Q

Uses of poly(ethene):

A
  • Plastic bags

- Drink bottles

76
Q

Uses of poly(propene):

A
  • Crates

- Ropes

77
Q

Monomers used to produce addition polymers contain…

A

double covalent bonds

78
Q

Condensation polymerisation [2]:

A
  • Involves monomers with two functional groups

- They usually lose small molecules such as water and so the reactions are called condensation reactions

79
Q

Properties of addition polymers [5]:

A
  • They are made from addition reactions and so are the only products
  • Produced by unsaturated monomers that have a C=C
  • Produced by only 1 type of monomer
  • Non- biodegradable
  • 100% atom economy
80
Q

Properties of condensation polymers [4]:

A
  • Made from two or more monomers with different functional groups
  • A small molecule (such as water) is also produced when condensation polymers are produced
  • Biodegradable
  • Less than 100% atom economy
81
Q

What happens during condensation polymerisation?

A

Monomers with 2 functional groups react and produce a polymer and water molecules

82
Q

Amino acids are…

A

natural polymers

83
Q

Amino acids [3]:

A
  • Have two different functional groups in a molecule
  • Amino acids react by condensation to polymerisation to produce polypeptides
  • Different amino acids can be combined in the same chain to produce polypeptides or proteins
84
Q

What is the amine functional group (peptide link)?

A

H₂N

85
Q

What are some naturally occurring polymers? [4]:

A
  • DNA
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Protein
86
Q

What does DNA do? (chemistry definition):

A

DNA encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

87
Q

DNA structure (chem):

A

Most DNA molecules are two strands made from 4 different monomers called nucleotides in the form of a double helix

88
Q

Each nucleotide contains…[3]:

A
  • A base
  • A phosphate
  • A deoxyribose sugar
89
Q

What are the 4 different bases in DNA?

A
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Adenine
90
Q

Starch and cellulose…

A

are both made from the monomer glucose

91
Q

proteins are made from the monomer…

A

amino acids

92
Q

‘sacc’ =

A

Sugar

93
Q

Glucose structure:

A

It has a hexagonal ring structure

94
Q

Starch info [3]:

A
  • Made from around 1500 glucose molecules
  • Has branched chains
  • Energy store in plants
95
Q

Glucose info [2]:

A
  • Has the formula C₆H₁₂O₆

- It is a monosaccharide

96
Q

Cellulose info [3]:

A
  • Supplies support for plant structure
  • Has straight chains
  • made from around 10 000 glucose molecules
97
Q

Why do heavy crude oil fractions not make good fuels? [3]:

A
  • They have low volatility
  • They do not ignite easily
  • They have high boiling points
98
Q

What type of reaction is cracking heavy hydrocarbons an example of?

A

Thermal decomposition

99
Q

What type of reaction does the alkene functional group undergo?

A

Addition

100
Q

what does the hydrogenation of alkenes require?

A

A nickel catalyst

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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