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GCSE Chemistry > C7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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2
Q

What happens as you increase the chain length of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • becomes more viscous
  • higher boiling points
  • less flammable
  • dark in colour
  • less volatile
  • less useful
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3
Q

Describe how fractional distillation works

A
  • oil is heated and evaporated until most of it is a gas
  • the gas rises through a fractionating column
  • the long hydrocarbons have high boiling points so they condense back to liquids near the bottom
  • the shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so they condense higher in the column where it’s cooler
  • crude oil mixture will be separated into different fractions
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4
Q

Define a saturated hydrocarbon

A

single carbon bonds only
(C-C)

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5
Q

Define alkanes

A

they are a group of saturated hydrocarbons - the simplest type of hydrocarbon

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6
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

C(n) H (2n+2)

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7
Q

Name the first 4 alkanes

A

1) methane
2) ethane
3) propane
4) butane

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8
Q

What happens to the flammability as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases?

A

the flammability decreases because smaller molecules evaporate easily and the vapour burns

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9
Q

What happens to the volatility as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases?

A

the volatility decreases because the intermolecular forces are stronger so it requires more energy to break which means they have higher boiling points making them less volatile

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10
Q

What happens to the viscosity (thickness) as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases?

A

the viscosity increases because the intermolecular forces are stronger and longer chain hydrocarbons get more tangled which means more viscous

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11
Q

Define an alkene

A

a hydrocarbon that has 1 double covalent bond (C=C) between two carbon atoms - they are unsaturated

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12
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

C (n) H (2n)

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13
Q

Name the first 4 alkenes

A

1) ethene
2) propene
3) butene
4) pentene

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14
Q

How do you test if a substance is an alkane or an alkene?

A

add bromine water
- if it remains orange = alkane
- if it becomes colourless = alkene

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15
Q

Define cracking

A

breaking down a long hydrocarbon chain into an alkane and alkene

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16
Q

Describe the process of cracking

A
  • vaporise them
  • mix them with steam
  • heat them to a very high temperature
    (called steam cracking)
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17
Q

What are the 2 things you need for cracking?

A
  • heat (to vaporise the hydrocarbons)
  • catalyst (to increase the rate of the reaction)
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18
Q

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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19
Q

What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + water

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20
Q

When would complete/incomplete combustion occur?

A

complete - in a high oxygen supply
incomplete - in a low oxygen supply

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21
Q

Define a monomer

A

a small molecule that can be joined together to form a polymer

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22
Q

Define a polymer

A

long chain molecule made up of lots of monomer molecules

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23
Q

Define an addition reaction

A

when a double carbon bond (C=C) breaks and new atoms add to each carbon atom

24
Q

Define polymerisation

A

a reaction where lots of small monomer molecules join together in a long chain

25
Q

Name the 4 reactions alkenes can do

A
  • hydrogenation
  • hydration
  • halogenation
  • combustion (incomplete)
26
Q

Describe hydrogenation

A

alkenes react with hydrogen ( + catalyst) to make an alkane
requires very high temperature

27
Q

Describe hydration

A

alkene reacts with steam (+ catalyst) to form alcohol

28
Q

Describe halogenation

A

alkenes react with the halogens to form a dihalide alkane

29
Q

Describe combustion of alkenes

A

alkenes react with the oxygen in the air and form carbon monoxide and water
it’s incomplete which results in a smoky yellow flame and less energy being released

30
Q

Define alcohols

A

organic compounds that contain the OH functional group

31
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol?

A

C (n) H (2n+1) OH

32
Q

Name the first 4 alcohols

A
  • methanol
  • ethanol
  • propanol
  • butanol
33
Q

Describe the solubility and pH of alcohol

A
  • alcohols are soluble
  • they have a neutral pH
34
Q

Describe what happens when alcohols react with sodium

A
  • sodium sinks - more dense than ethanol
  • hydrogen is produced
  • mixture goes alkali
35
Q

Describe the 2 ways to make alcoholic drinks

A
  • fermentation uses an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • reacting ethene with water vapour in the presence of a catalyst (hydration)
36
Q

What are some pros and cons of fermentation to produce ethanol?

A

+ renewable
+ requires less energy
+ cheaper
- don’t get pure ethanol
- slower

37
Q

What are some pros and cons of hydration to produce ethanol?

A

+ no waste products
+ faster
- non-renewable
- requires more energy
- more expensive

38
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

39
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

C (n) H (2n-1) COOH

40
Q

Name the first 4 carboxylic acids

A
  • methanoic acid
  • ethanoic acid
  • propanoic acid
  • butanoic acid
41
Q

Carboxylic acids are …… acids so they ……………… in solutions.

A
  • weak
  • partially ionise
42
Q

Carboxylic acids form salts that end in ………

A

-anoate

43
Q

What is the equation to make esters?

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol (+catalyst) –> ester + water

44
Q

What is the functional group for esters

A

COO

45
Q

What are the purpose of esters?

A
  • they are volatile
  • have unique fragrances / tastes
46
Q

Define a diol

A

a monomer with 2 hydroxyl (functional) groups

47
Q

Explain how a polyester is formed through condensation polymerisation

A
  • react a dicarboxylic acid with a diol - use lots of each
  • water is produced as a byproduct
  • polyester will be a product
48
Q

How many types of monomers are needed for condensation polymerisation?

A
  • two monomer types, each containing two of the same functional group
    OR
  • one monomer type with two different functional groups
49
Q

Give 3 examples of naturally occurring polymers

A
  • proteins
  • starch / cellulose
  • DNA
50
Q

What are polypeptides?

A
  • amino acids form polymers known as polypeptides
  • polypeptides form proteins
51
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids (formed in a condensation reaction) called?
(3 names)

A
  • amide link
  • peptide bond
  • amide bond
52
Q

What type of reaction takes place when amino acids combine to form a polypeptide?

A

condensation reaction

53
Q

Which functional groups does an amino acid have?
(3)

A
  • a carboxylic acid group
  • an amino group
  • an ‘R’ group
54
Q

Which monomers combine to form DNA?

A

nucleotides

55
Q

What are the three elements that make up carbohydrates?

A
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
56
Q

What is a feedstock?

A

a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction

57
Q

What is a petrochemical?

A

a substance made from crude oil via chemical reactions

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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