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GCSE Chemistry > C10 - Using Resources > Flashcards

C10 - Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a natural resource

A

Natural resources form without any human input

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2
Q

Define finite resources

A

Finite resources can’t form quickly enough to be considered replaceable.

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3
Q

Define sustainable development

A

An approach to development that takes into account the needs of people today without damaging the lives of future generations

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4
Q

What is a life cycle assessment?

A

A life cycle assessment is carried out to assess the environmental impact of a product in each stage of its life from start to end.

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5
Q

What are the 5 stages of life cycle assessments?

A

1) extracting
2) manufacturing
3) transportation / distribution
4) use of product
5) disposal of product

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6
Q

Define potable water

A

water that is safe to drink (not pure)

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7
Q

What are pros and cons of desalination?

A

+ good for countries with a lack of water supply
- requires lots of energy

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8
Q

Describe the process of desalination

A
  • salt water is heated
  • water evaporates at 100 ℃
  • water vapour rises and travels to condenser
  • water vapour cools and condenses
  • forms pure potable water
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9
Q

Describe the 3 main steps in the ground water method for getting potable water

A
  • sedimentation of small particles (settle at the bottom of the water)
  • filter out the sand and gravel
  • sterilisation to kill harmful bacteria/microbes
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10
Q

What can you use to sterilise?

A
  • chlorine
  • ultraviolet light
  • ozone
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11
Q

What are pros and cons of the ground water method?

A

+ not many steps
+ doesn’t require lots of energy
- requires a suitable water source

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12
Q

Describe the main steps of the waste treatment method of obtaining potable water

A
  • screened - large objects and grit are filtered out
  • sedimentation - heavy solids move to the bottom, forming a sludge and lighter effluent floats on top
  • aerobic digestion of effluent - effluent is broken down by bacteria
  • anaerobic digestion of sludge - sludge is broken down by bacteria
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13
Q

What are some pros and cons of waste treatment?

A

+ reuses waste water
+ uses less energy than desalination
- requires several steps
- may require additional treatment (which involves harmful chemicals)

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14
Q

What 2 things influence a property of a polymer?

A
  • which monomers they’re made from
  • the conditions used to make them
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15
Q

Describe low density polyethene

A
  • made from ethene
  • at a moderate temperature under high pressure
  • flexible - good for bags and bottles
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16
Q

Describe high density polyethene

A
  • made from ethene
  • at lower temperature and pressure
  • rigid - used for drainpipes
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17
Q

Describe thermosoftening polymers

A
  • contain individual polymer chains intertwined together (weak forces)
  • can melt
  • can be recycled
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18
Q

Describe thermosetting polymers

A
  • contains monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains - hold the chains together in a solid structure
  • can’t melt - just burns
  • can’t be recycled
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19
Q

What are ceramics?

A

non-metal solids with high melting points that aren’t made from carbon-based compounds

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20
Q

Name the 2 types of glass

A
  • soda lime
  • borosilicate
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21
Q

Describe soda lime glass

A
  • made from sand, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate
  • used for windows, containers etc.
  • most common type of glass
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22
Q

Describe borosilicate glass

A
  • made from sand and boron trioxide
  • used for ovenware
  • has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass
23
Q

Describe clay ceramics

A
  • made by shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace
  • hard, unreactive and resistant to heat
24
Q

Define a composite

A

a material made up of 2 or more different materials

25
Q

Describe fibreglass

A
  • consists of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer
  • low density but very strong
  • used for building materials
26
Q

Describe concrete

A
  • made from sand and gravel embedded in cement
  • very strong
  • used for building materials
27
Q

Describe wood

A
  • natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix
28
Q

Describe carbon fibre

A
  • consists of either long chains of carbon atoms bonded together or carbon nanotubes embedded in a polymer matrix
  • very strong and light - good for sports equipment
29
Q

Describe the general properties of ceramics

A
  • insulators of heat and electricity
  • brittle and stiff
30
Q

Describe the general properties of polymers

A
  • insulators of heat and electricity
  • can be flexible and easily moulded
31
Q

Describe the general properties of metals

A
  • malleable
  • good conductors of heat and electricity
  • shiny
  • stiff
32
Q

Describe bioleaching

A
  • uses bacteria to convert metal compounds into soluble metal compounds
  • this can then undergo reduction/electrolysis
33
Q

Describe phytomining

A
  • plants are grown in soil that contains the metal
  • the metal builds up in their leaves
  • leaves are harvested and burned
  • ash is collected and can undergo reduction/electrolysis
34
Q

What are the 2 ways to extract a metal from low-grade ores?

A
  • bioleaching
  • phytomining
35
Q

Define corrosion

A

the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

36
Q

What is the word equation for rust?

A

iron + oxygen + water –> hydrated iron (III) oxide

37
Q

Why isn’t aluminium completely destroyed by corrosion?

A
  • it forms an aluminium oxide layer, when reacting with the oxygen in the air
  • this acts as a barrier and prevents contact with air
38
Q

Rust requires both …

A

water and oxygen

39
Q

What are the 2 main ways to prevent rusting?

A
  • coat the iron with a barrier (e.g painting, electroplating, oiling)
  • sacrificial method - placing a more reactive metal with the iron so water and oxygen react with the sacrificial metal instead of the iron
40
Q

What is the equation for the haber process?

A

N₂ + 3H₂ <–> 2NH₃

41
Q

What are the conditions required for the haber process?

A
  • 450℃
  • 200 atm
  • iron catalyst
42
Q

Which reaction is exo and endothermic in the haber process?

A
  • the forward reaction is exothermic
  • the reverse reaction is endothermic
43
Q

Why is the temperature in the haber process compromised?

A
  • high temp means an increased rate of reaction
  • high temp means a smaller yield
44
Q

Why is the pressure in the haber process compromised?

A
  • high pressure means a faster rate of reaction
  • high pressure means a bigger yield
  • any higher than 200atm would be dangerous and expensive (to build and maintain)
45
Q

Why is an iron catalyst used in the haber process?

A
  • it increases the rate of reaction
  • and has no effect on yield
46
Q

Describe how the haber process works

A
  • gases pass over the iron catalyst
  • ammonia is cooled, liquefied and removed
  • hydrogen and nitrogen gases are recycled so nothing is wasted
47
Q

Where do they get the hydrogen and nitrogen from for the haber process?

A
  • air
  • natural gas (methane)
48
Q

Describe NPK fertilisers

A
  • they contain nitrogen, phosphate and potassium
  • they are widely available, easy to use, no smell and contain the correct nutrients
49
Q

Describe producing ammonium nitrate in industry

A

reaction is carried out in giant vats
+ can produce higher concentrations
- very exothermic (dangerous)

50
Q

Describe producing ammonium nitrate in the lab

A

smaller scale - through titration or crystallisation
+ less heat is released (safer)
- get low concentrations

51
Q

Why is ammonium nitrate a good compound to use in a fertiliser?

A

it has nitrogen from two sources

52
Q

Phosphate rock + nitric acid –>

A

phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate

53
Q

Phosphate rock + sulfuric acid –>

A

calcium sulphate + calcium phosphate

54
Q

Phosphate rock + phosphoric acid –>

A

calcium phosphate

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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