c7 - organic chemistry Flashcards
whats crude oil
mixture of hydrocarbons
whats a hydrocarbon
compound made of hydrogen & carbon only
formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
different alkanes
methane
ethane
propane
butane
what is crude oil made from
plankton/ biomass buried under the mud for millions of years
how are alkanes bonded
covalent
what is fractional distillation
crude oil enters the column at the bottom
it is heated and evaporated
the top of the column is colder than the bottom
when the fractions rise it reaches its boiling point and condenses and is tapped off
properties of long hydrocarbons
long chain
high boiling point
high viscosity/thick
hard to ignite
properties of short hydrocarbons
short chain
low boing point
low viscosity
easy to ignite
equ for complete combustion
hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
BALANCE OXYGEN LAST
equ for incomplete combustion
hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon monoxide + water
when is combustion imcomplete
when there’s not enough oxygen
what is the test for alkene
add bromine water
orange to colourless
what is the test for alkAne
add bromine water
ORANGE TO ORANGE
what is cracking
where a long chain is broken into a shorter alkane and alkene
what does cracking need
catalysts
steam
what happens in a polymerisation reaction
many monomers
join together
to form polymers
what is the advantage of cracking hydrocarbons
break large molecules into smaller ones
to satisfy demand
example
what does unsaturated mean
contains a double bond
what burns with a smokey flame
incomplete combustion
what happens in the addition of alkenes br2 i2 cl2
the double bond is broken
add two of the element
what happens in the addition of alkenes with hydrogen
double bond is broken
add a hydroenation catalyst
add two elements of hydrogen
becomes an ALKANE
what happens in the addition of alkenes H20
double bond is broken
hydration catalysist and high temp
add a h and OH
BECOMES AN ALCOHOL
state symbol for alcohol
-OH
what is the equ for fermentation
Glucose 🡪 ethanol + carbon dioxide
Warm temperatures
what are the uses of alcohol
Chemical feed stocks
Alcoholic drinks
Solvents
fuels
ethanol + ocygen
Ethanol + oxygen 🡪 carbon dioxide + water
C2H5OH + 3O2 🡪 2CO2 + 3H2O
incomplete combustion could also occur
ethanol + sodium
Ethanol + sodium 🡪 sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
see h2 bubbles
ethanol and water
short chains = more soluable
long chains = less soluable
ethanol + oxidisng agent
Ethanol + oxidising agent — carboylic acid + water
2x oxygen provided be the agent
what is the formula for a carboxylic acid
-COOH
what are carboxylic acids
weak acids
carboxylic acid + carbonates
neutralisation reaction
Ethanoic acid + carbonate 🡪 sodium ethanoate +co2 + water
carboxylic acid + water
dissolve to form acidic solutions
carboxcylic acid + alcohol
making esters
Ethanoic acid 🡪 ethyl ethanoate
+ ethanol + water
what is the c=c
additional polymerisation
what is condensation polymerisaton
making polyesters
what is condensation polymerisaton pt2
-OH & -COOH
difference between polymerisation and condesation poly
p is produced by an alkene
cp is produced by a carboxylic acid and a alcohol
cp water is also made
properties of alcohol
flamable
soluable
oxidise to create a carboxcylic acid
