c10 -

Question 1

what is potable water

Answer 1

water which is safe to drink

Question 2

how is potable water produced by the uk

Answer 2

Choosing appropriate source of fresh water.
Passing water through filter beds.
Sterilising (use chlorine).

Question 3

how is potable water produced by the other countries

Answer 3

Desalination of sea water.
Using distillation.
Or reverse osmosis.
But needs LOTS of energy

Question 4

how is waste water produced

Answer 4

1) Screening & grit removal
2) Sedimentation to produce sludge & effluent
3) Sludge digested anaerobically by specific bacteria
4) effluent digested aerobically by bacteria

Question 5

what is sludge used for

Answer 5

Used for fertiliser
As natural gas

Question 6

what is effluent used for

Answer 6

Released back into the environment

Question 7

Sewage & Agricultural waste water

Answer 7

Remove organic matter & harmful microbes

Question 8

Industrial waste water

Answer 8

Remove organic matter & harmful chemicals

Question 9

how can water be sterilised

Answer 9

chloring
uv
reverse osmosis

Question 10

what are 2 alternative ways of extracting metal

Answer 10

phytomining
bioleaching

Question 11

what is Phytomining

Answer 11

Plants absorb metal

Burn to ash

Extract by electrolysing ash solution (dissolved in acid)

Question 12

what is Bioleaching

Answer 12

Bacteria produce leachate solution

Extract by electrolysing solution

Question 13

how to write an effective life cycle assesment

Answer 13

Extracting & processing raw materials -use of energy, water, some wastes

Extracting & processing raw materials- Hard to measure effects of pollutants produced

Use & operation during it’s lifetime

Disposal, transport & distribution

Question 14

why arent some LCA not accurate

Answer 14

used in advertising

Question 15

why do we recycle

Answer 15

limited resources
save energy

Question 16

What does ‘reuse’ mean?

Answer 16

To use the same item again for the same function

Question 17

what is the harber process

Answer 17

NH3 is cooled, liquefied & removed
H2 & N2 are recycled

Question 18

conditions for the harber process

Answer 18

Fe catalyst
450 oC
200 atm

Question 19

why do we use these certain conditions

Answer 19

If we decrease temp

Equilibrium will shift to right (increase yield)

Favouring exothermic, as it will oppose the change

BUT decreasing temp decreases rate

450oC is a compromise, to increase rate without massively decreasing yield

Question 20

why do we have these conditions (pressure)

Answer 20

If we increase pressure

Equilibrium will shift to right (increasing yield)

Favouring side with less GAS particles, as it will oppose the change

BUT increasing pressure is dangerous

200 atm is a compromise

Question 21

what do NPK fertilisers contain

Answer 21

N –nitrogen
P – phosphorous
K - potassium

Question 22

what is ammonia used for

Answer 22

Ammonia is used to manufacture ammonium salts & nitric acid.

Question 23

what is phosphate rock used for

Answer 23

Phosphate rock is obtained by mining. Treated with nitric acid to produce soluble salts.

Question 24

what are potassium salts

Answer 24

Potassium chloride & potassium sulphate are obtained by mining.

Question 25

how to make amonium sulfate industry

Answer 25

Different stages require different temperatures V. expensive machinery and equipment used in continuous process Reactants made form raw materials (sulfur, air, water) Huge quantities made quickly Continuous – reduces labour & running costs

Question 26

how to make amonium sulfate lab

Answer 26

Room temperature for neutralisation, then Bunsen burner for evaporation Cheap lab equipment used in batch process Reactants purchased from supplier Small quantities made slowly Batch – labour intensive so running costs are high

Question 27

what is corrosion

Answer 27

destruction of materials by chemical reactions

Question 28

how is rusting prevented

Answer 28

keeping oxygen away Applying a coating which acts as a barrier Zinc to galvanise iron – sacrificial protection

Question 29

types of coating

Answer 29

Greasing Painting Electroplating Aluminium oxide

Question 30

alloys

Answer 30

bronze - copper and tin brass - Copper + zinc

Question 31

steels

Answer 31

High carbon = brittle Low carbon = softer Iron, copper + other metals stainless steel is resistant to corrosion

Question 32

2 types of glass

Answer 32

Borosilicate glass soda-lime glass

Question 33

soda lime glass

Answer 33

Heat sand, sodium carbonate & limestone

Question 34

Borosilicate glass

Answer 34

Sand & boron trioxide Melts at a higher temperature

Question 35

what are ceramics

Answer 35

Shape wet clay then put in furnace

Question 36

whats a composite

Answer 36

made of 2 materials. A matrix/binder binds the fibres or fragments of materials together.

Question 37

whats a hd polymer

Answer 37

Pipes, bottles, buckets Strong, flexible, resists shattering, unreactive Branched chains

Question 38

LD-polymers

Answer 38

Carrier bags, bubble wrap Flexible, unreactive, can be made into film Unbranched chains

Question 39

Thermosoftening

Answer 39

Melt when heated Due to weak intermolecular forces

Question 40

Thermosetting

Answer 40

Do not melt when heated Due to strong crosslinks

Question 41

amonia react with oxygen and water

Answer 41

nitric acid

Question 42

ammonia react with nitric acid

Answer 42

amonium salts

Question 43

why cant phosphate rocks be used

Answer 43

insoluable

Question 44

PR nitric acid

Answer 44

phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

Question 45

PR sufluric acid

Answer 45

calcium sulfate calcium ohosphate singer superphosfate

Question 46

pr phosphoric acid

Answer 46

calium phostphate triple superphospfate