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Chemistry > C7-Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7-Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

A mixture of many different compounds-mostly hydrocarbons containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

How are different hydrocarbons seperated?

A

Via fractional distillation

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3
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated and why?

A

Saturated-contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible in their molecules

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4
Q

what are the first 4 alkanes?

A
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
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5
Q

What is the formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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6
Q

As the size of the hydrocarbon increases what happens to the….
* Boiling point?
* Volatility?
* Viscosity?
* Flammability?

A
  • Increases
  • Decreases
  • Increases
  • Decreases
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7
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easily something turns into a gas

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8
Q

In a fractioning column, where is it the hottest?

A

At the bottom

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9
Q

What is the order of fractions from the top of the fractioning column down?

A
  • Refinery gas
  • Petrol
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel
  • Residue
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10
Q

What is the formula for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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11
Q

How can we test the gases formed in complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy and water turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink.

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12
Q

What does incomplete combustion form?

A

Carbon monoxide (a toxic gas)

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13
Q

Why do we crack hydrocarbons?

A

The heavier fractions from fractional distillation of crude oil are not in high demand-they can be broken down to form shorter chains.

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14
Q

How is cracking carried out?

A

By passing alkane vapours over a hot catalyst-this is an example of thermal decomposition-forming 1 alkane and 1+ alkenes

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15
Q

How can we test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene)?

A

By seeing if it turns orange bromine water colourless

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16
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A
  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
  • Pentene
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17
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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18
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

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19
Q

What is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group called?

A

A homologous series

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20
Q

What makes alkenes far more reactive than alkanes?

A

The carbon-carbon double bond

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21
Q

How do alkenes react with halogens?
Use the example of ethene and bromine.

A

Ethene + Bromine –>dibromoethane

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22
Q

How can we produce alkanes from alkenes?

A

By reacting the alkenes with hydrogen

23
Q

How can we create ethanol from ethene?

A

By reacting ethene with steam

24
Q

What is the functional group for alchohols?

A

-OH

25
Q

What are the first 4 alchohols?

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
26
Q

What is the structural formula for ethanol?

A

C₂H₅OH

27
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

28
Q

What are the first 4 Carboxylic acids?

A
  • Methanoic acid
  • Ethanoic acid
  • Propanoic acid
  • Butanoic acid
29
Q

What is the structural formula for ethanoic acid?

A

CH₃COOH

30
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

-COO-

31
Q

What is an ester formed by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid?

A

ethyl ethanoate (+water)

32
Q

What is the structural formula of ethyl ethanoate?

A

CH₃COOC₂H₅

33
Q

What is the fermentation process formula to produce alchohol?

A

Glucose –(Yeast)–> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide

34
Q

What is the combustion reaction for ethanol?

A

Ethanol + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water

35
Q

How does Ethanol react with sodium?

A

Sodium + Ethanol –> Sodium Ethanoxide + Hydrogen

36
Q

How does ethanol undergo oxidation to form ethanoic acid?

A

Ethanol + oxygen atoms from oxidising agent –> ethanoic acid + water

37
Q

What is the main acid used in vinegar?

A

Ethanoic acid

38
Q

What does ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate react to form?

A

Sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

39
Q

Are Carboxylic acids strong or weak acids?

A

Weak acids-don’t fully ionise

40
Q

What is needed in the reaction to produce esters?

A

A strong acid catalyst

41
Q

What are plastics made from?

A

Large covalently bonded molecules called polymers

42
Q

How are polymer molecules made?

A

When many monomers join together

42
Q

What is the polymer produced by ethene?

A

Polyethene

43
Q

What is different between addition and condensation polymerisation?

A

Condensation polymerisation usually involves a small molecule

43
Q

How do monomers join together via addition polymerisation?

A

The C=C bond opens up and bonds to another alkene molecule

43
Q

What letter is used to depict a repeat in a polymer?

A

N

44
Q

How do we form polyester?

A

By reacting a diol e.g ethanediol and a dicarboxylic acid e.g. ethanedioic acid

45
Q

What does forming a polyester also produce?

A

2nH₂0

46
Q

What do simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides) polymerise to form?

A

Starch and cellulose -polysaccharides (and water)

47
Q

What are the 2 functional groups for amino acids?

A

Amine: -NH₂
Carboxylic acid group: -COOH

48
Q

What is the polymerisation symbol reaction for peptides?

A

nH₂NCH₂COOH –> -(-HNCH₂CO-)- + nH₂O

49
Q

What can be changed in a amino acid (peptide) molecule?

A

One of the Hydrogens in the CH₂ Bond

50
Q

What is the structure of a DNA?
What is the monomer called?
What is the side product of the monomers turning into a polymer?

A

A phosphate bonded to a pentose sugar, bonded to an organic base-this is the monomer called a nucleotide. Many nucleotides are joined together to form DNA and water.

Chemistry (12 decks)

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