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Chemistry > C10-Using resources > Flashcards

C10-Using resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Resources that are used up at a faster rate which they can be replaced.

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2
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Resources that are used up at the same rate in which they can be replaced.

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3
Q

What are some examples of finite resources?

A
  • Metal ores used to extract metals
  • Crude oil used to make polymers
  • Limestone to make petrol and concrete
  • Crude oil to make the petrol, diesel and kerosene we use for transport
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4
Q

What are the methods of extracting metals from their ores and how do they work?

A
  • Smelting (Then electrolysis)
  • Displacement using scrap iron to extract copper
  • Bioleaching (Having bacteria feed on the low-grade metal ore-this obtains a solution of copper ions-leachate)
  • Phytomining (Plants are planted in soil containing a low percentage of copper ore, absorm it and are burnt in air-the ash contains high percentage of copper compound-then electrolysis)
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5
Q

What are the 4 stages in a life-cycle assessment?

A
  • Raw material extraction
  • Manufacture
  • Use/Reuse/Maintainance
  • Recycle/Waste management
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6
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

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7
Q

How is water made safe to drink?

A
  • By firstly passing the untreated water through filter beds of sand and gravel to remove insoluble particles
  • Sterilising the water (via chlorine or ozone to kill microorganisms or by passing UV light through the water)
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8
Q

What is a method to purify salty water?

A

Desalination via distillation or reverse osmosis

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9
Q

What is reverse osmosis?

A

Where water is put under high pressure and passed through a membrane that prevents most ions from passing through

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10
Q

How is waste water treated?

A
  • Screening and grit removal to remove large particles
  • Sedimentation to allow tiny particles to settle out from still water which produces sludge and effluent
  • The sewage sludge is digested anaerobically by specific bacteria
  • The effluent is treated with aerobic bacteria
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11
Q

What are the uses of ‘sludge’?

A

As a fertiliser of burnt to generate electricity

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12
Q

How can the effluent be made safer?

A

By filtering it one more time through a bed of sand and/or sterilised by UV light or chlorine

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13
Q

What is needed for the corrosion of iron?

A

Oxygen and water

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14
Q

What is the formula for rusting?

A

Iron + Oxygen + Water –>hydrated iron(III) oxide

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15
Q

What are ways to prevent rusting?

A
  • Paint
  • Oil or grease
  • Plastic
  • A less/more reactive (sacrificial metal)
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16
Q

What is a sacrificial method for protecting iron?

A

Adding zinc (galvanising)

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17
Q

What is a mixture of metal called?

A

Alloys

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18
Q

Why are alloys useful?

A

The differently-sized metal ions make it harder for the layers to slip-they are jammed in position

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19
Q

What are examples of Copper alloys?

A
  • Bronze (copper and tin)
  • Brass (copper and zinc)
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20
Q

What is gold mixed with?

A

Silver, copper and zinc-enables it to be stronger

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21
Q

What are examples of steel alloys?

A
  • Low carbon steel
  • High carbon steel
  • Alloy steels-stainless steel contains chromium and nickel
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22
Q

What is the main glass we use?

A

Soda lime glass

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23
Q

How is soda lime glass made?

A

By melting a mixture of silicon dioxide (sand), sodium carbonate and limestone

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24
Q

What glass has the highest melting point?

A

Borosilicate glass made from heating sand with boron trioxide

25
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

Wet clay is moulded then heated in a furnace to cause crystals to join together

26
Q

What causes different polymers to be made?

A

Different monomers and different conditions in which the monomers were joined together

27
Q

What are the 2 types of polyethene?

A

Low density and high density

28
Q

What are the properties of low density polyethene compared to high density polyethene?

A

LDPE is softer so is generally used in more flexible products

29
Q

What is the structure of LDPE compared to HDPE?

A
  • LDPE has a structure where the polymer chains are branched and arranged randomly
  • HDPE has less branching of polymer chains-the molecules line up much more closely
30
Q

How is LDPE made vs HDPE?

A

At a lower pressure

31
Q

What are the 2 main types of polymers?

A

Thermosoftening and thermosetting

32
Q

How do thermosoftening polymers react when heated?

A

They don’t have covalent bonds between neighbouring polymer molecules so the molecules can move past each other when heated and the plastic melts

33
Q

How do thermosetting polymers react when heated?

A

They have cross linking via covalent bonds so have much larger intramolecular forces-can’t be recycled but are used where it may get hot

34
Q

What are composite materials?

A

Two or more materials with different properties

35
Q

What components do composite materials have?

A
  • The reinforcement
  • The matrix-that binds the reinforcement together
36
Q

Why can’t plants not use nitrogen in air?

A

It is insoluble in water

37
Q

What nitrate ions can crops take in?

A

NO₃⁻

38
Q

What is the formula in the Haber process?

A

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃
Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇌ Ammonia

39
Q

What are the raw materials for the haber process?

A
  • Nitrogen from the air
  • Hydrogen mainly from natural gases containing methane
40
Q

What are the conditions in the Haber process?

A
  • 450°C
  • 200atm
  • Iron catalyst
41
Q

What happens in the Haber process?

A
  • Nitrogen and hydrogen are pumped through pipes
  • The gases are pressurised then heated
  • The gases react over beds of iron catalysts and the reaction mixture is cooled so that the ammonia is liquified and removed
  • The unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
42
Q

How is nitrogen extracted from air?

A

Fractional distillation

43
Q

How is hydrogen produced from natural gases?

A

Steam is added to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide

44
Q

What does increasing the pressure do in the Haber process and are there any compromises?

A
  • Increases the rate of reaction
  • Increases the amount of products made (more moles in reactants)
  • Compromise: Need lots of energy and strong containers to withstand high ressures
45
Q

What does increasing the temperature in the Haber process do and are there any compromises?

A
  • Increases rate of reaction
  • Decreases amount of products made (exothermic reaction)
  • Compromise: Yield vs rate of reaction
46
Q

What does adding a catalyst in the Haber process do?

A

It just speeds up the rate of reaction

47
Q

What do fertilisers do?

A

Provide mineral ions needed for healthy growth in plants

48
Q

How is nitric acid formed?

A

The oxidation of ammonia

49
Q

What forms ammonium nitrate?

A
  • Ammonia + Nitric acid –> Ammonium nitrate
  • NH₃ + HNO₃ –> NH₄NO₃
50
Q

What acids can ammonia also react with?

A
  • Sulfuric acid-reacts at 60°C
  • Phosphoric acid
51
Q

What are the main fertilisers called?

A

NPK-Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

52
Q

Why is nitrogen needed?

A

Healthy leaves

53
Q

Why is phosphorus needed?

A

Healthy roots

54
Q

Why is potassium needed?

A

To promote growth

55
Q

How is sulfuric acid produced?

A

1) Sulfur + oxygen –> sulfur dioxide
2) Sulfur dioxide + oxygen ⇌ sulfur trioxide
3) Sulfure trioxide + water –>sulfuric acid

56
Q

Where does potassium come from?

A

Mined potassium chloride and potassium sulfate

57
Q

How is phosphate rock treated?

A

1) With nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate-phosphoric acid is the neutralised with ammonia to produce ammonium phosphate
2) With sulfuric acid to produce a single superphosphate-mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
3) With phosphoric acid to produce triple superphosphate-calcium phosphate

58
Q
A

Chemistry (12 decks)

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