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biology > C7 - Exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

C7 - Exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is diffusion able to supply the needs of a single called organism?

A

-Low metabolic activity so low O2 demands and CO2 production
-Large SA:V ratio

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2
Q

Formula for SA of a sphere?

A

4 pi r^2

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3
Q

Formula of volume of a sphere

A

4/3 pi r^3

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4
Q

What is an exchange surface?

A

Surfaces over which materials are exchanged from one area to another

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5
Q

Features of effective exchange surfaces

A

-Increased surface area
-Thin layers (short diffusion distance)
-Good blood supply (steeper conc gradient)
-Ventilation to maintain diffusion gradient

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6
Q

What is the gaseous exchange system?

A

Complex systems in which respiratory gasses, O2 and CO2, are exchanged in an organism

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7
Q

Why are gaseous exchange surfaces moist?

A

Oxygen dissolves in the water before diffusing in the body tissues

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8
Q

Why do mammals need lots of oxygen?

A

-Small SA:V ratio
-High metabolic rate
(active and maintain body temperature independent of the environment)

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9
Q

Structure of human gaseous exchange system

A
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10
Q

Key structures in human gaseous exchange system

A

-Nasal cavity
-Trachea
-Bronchus
-Brochioles
-Alveoli

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11
Q

What are the important features of the nasal cavity?

A

-Large SA and good blood supply: warms air to body temp
-Hairy lining: secretes mucus trapping dust and bacteria, protecting delicate lung tissue from irritation
-Moist surfaces: inc humidity of incoming air, reducing evaporation from exchange surface

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12
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Main airway, supported by rung of incomplete cartilage, carrying warm moist air down from nasal cavity into chest

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13
Q

Why are the rings incomplete?

A

So food can move down the oesophagus behind the trachea

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14
Q

What is the trachea and its branches lined with?

A

Ciliated epithelium with goblet cells between

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15
Q

What is the role of cilia and goblet cells?

A

-Goblet cells secrete mucus, trapping dust and microorganisms
-Cilia beat and move the mucus away from the lungs

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16
Q

What is the bronchus?

A

-Trachea divides to from left and right bronchus, leading to left and right lung
-Similar structure to trachea, bust smaller

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17
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

-Bronchi divide to form small bronchioles, with no cartilage rings
-Walls contain smooth muscle (contacts - bronchioles restrict/relaxes - bronchioles dilate)
-Lined with a layer of flattened epithelium

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18
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs which are main gas exchange surfaces of the body
Have layer of thin flattened epithelial cells, collagen and elastic fibres

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19
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

Ability to return to original shape and size following stretching

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20
Q

Main adaptations for alveoli

A

-Large SA
-Thin layers
-Good blood supply
-Good ventilation

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21
Q

What is lung surfactant?

A

Chemical mixture containing phospholipids and both hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, coating the surfaces of the alveoli and preventing them collapsing after every breath

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22
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Taking air in/inhalation
Energy using process

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23
Q

What is expiration?

A

Air out/exhalation
Passive process

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24
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

-Dome shaped diaphragm contracts, flattening and lowering
-External intercostal muscles contract
-Rubs move upwards and outwards
-Volume of thorax increases so pressure is reduced
-Pressure lower than atmospheric air, so air drawn in to lungs
-Equalises pressure inside and outside chest

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25
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

-Dome shaped diaphragm relaxes
-External intercostal muscles relax
-Ribs move down and inwards
-Volume of thorax decreases so pressure is higher
-Pressure higher than atmospheric air, so air moves out of lungs
-Equalises pressure inside and outside chest

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26
Q

What happens when you exhale forcibly?

A

-Internal intercostal muscles contract
-Pulling rubs down hard and fast
-Abdominal muscles contract forcing the diaphragm up to increase pressure in lungs rapidly

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27
Q

How can you measure capacity of lungs?

A

-Peak flow meter
-Vitalograohs
-Spirometer

28
Q

What is a peak flow meter?

A

Simple device that measures rate at which air can be expelled from lungs

29
Q

What’s a vitalograph?

A

-Patient being tested breathes out as quickly as possible through a mouthpiece
-The instrument produces a graph of the amount of air they breathe out (expiratory volume in one second) and how quickly it’s breathed out

30
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Used to measure different aspects of lung volume/investigate breathing patterns

31
Q

Whats tidal volume?

A

Volume of air that movie into and out of the lungs with each resting breath

32
Q

What’s vital capacity?

A

Volume of air that can be breathed in when strongest possible exhalation is followed by deepest possible intake of breath

33
Q

What’s inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation

34
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra amount of air you can force out of your lungs over and above normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

35
Q

What’s residual volume?

A

Volume of air left in your lungs when you’ve exhaled as hard as possible

36
Q

What’s total lung capacity?

A

Sum of the vital capacity and residual volume

37
Q

What’s breathing rate

A

Number of breaths taken per minute

38
Q

What’s ventilation rate?

A

Total volume of air inhaled in one minute

39
Q

Ventilation rate =

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate (/min)

40
Q

What’s an exoskeleton?

A

External skeleton of some organisms

41
Q

Differences between insects and mammals?

A

-Relatively high oxygen requirements
-Have tough exoskeleton (little to no gas exchange can occur)
-Do not have blood pigments that carry oxygen

42
Q

What do insects have instead of blood?

A

Haemolymph

43
Q

What are spiracles

A

Small openings along thorax and abdomen of an insect
that open and close to control the amount of air moving in and out of the gas exchange system
and the level of water loss from exchange surfaces

44
Q

What do spiracle sphincters do?

A

Open and close spiracles

45
Q

Why are spiracle sphincters kept closed?

A

To minimise water loss

46
Q

When are spiracles closed?

A

Insect is inactive
Oxygen demands are low

47
Q

When are spiracles opened?

A

Oxygen demands are high
Carbon dioxide builds up

48
Q

What leads away from the spiracles?

A

Tracheae

49
Q

What is the structure of tracheae in insects?

A

Run into and along body
Tubes lined by spirals of chitin

50
Q

What is the role of chitin?

A

Relatively impermeable to gases so little gaseous exchange takes place in trachea
Makes up cuticle

51
Q

What do tracheae form?

A

Tracheoles

52
Q

What is the structure of tracheoles in insects?

A

Single, elongated cell with no chitin lining, so they are freely permeable to gases

53
Q

Where does most gaseous exchange take place in insects?

A

Tracheoles - between air and respiring cells

54
Q

How does air move through tracheae and tracheoles?

A

By diffusion

55
Q

How does oxygen move from tracheoles to cells?

A

Dissolves in moisture on walls and diffuses into surrounding cells

56
Q

What is tracheal fluid?

A

Fluid found at ends of tracheoles in insects
Helps control SA available for gas exchange and water loss

57
Q

What happens when oxygen demands are high in an insect?

A

Lactic acid build up in tissues
So water moves out of tracheoles by osmosis
Exposes more SA for gas exchange

58
Q

What methods do larger insects have for gas exchange?

A

-Mechanical ventilation of tracheal system
(air actively pumped into system by muscular pumping movements of thorax, changing volume and pressure in tracheae and tracheoles)
-Collapsible enlarged tracheae/air sacs
increase amount of air moved through gas exchange system, inflated and deflated by ventilating movements of thorax)

59
Q

What difficulties do animals in water have to overcome?

A

Water has a lower oxygen content

60
Q

What are gills?

A

Gaseous exchange organ of fish, comprised of gill plates, filaments and lamellae

61
Q

What is gill lamellae?

A

Within gill filaments
Rich blood supply and large SA

61
Q

Where are gills in bony fish?

A

In gill cavity, covered by operculum

61
Q

What is an operculum?

A

Bony flap covering gills of bony fish
Part of mechanism that maintain a constant flow of water over gas exchange surfaces

61
Q

What are gill filaments?

A

Occur in large stacks called gill plates
Water flow keeps them apart, exposing large SA

61
Q

What happens when a bony fish opens its mouth?

A

Mouth opened and floor of buccal cavity lowered
Increases volume of buccal cavity
Pressure in buccal cavity drops causing water to move in
Opercular valve shut and opercular cavity containing gills expands
Lowers the pressure in opercular cavity
Floor of buccal cavity starts to close, increasing pressure in buccal cavity
Water moves from buccal cavity, over the gills

62
Q

What happens when a bony fish closes its mouth?

A

Mouth closes
Operculum opens and sides of opercular cavities move inwards
Increase pressure of opercular cavity
Forces water over the gills and out of operculum
Floor of buccal cavity moved up, maintaining flow of water over gills

62
Q

What two extra adaptations do gills have to make gas exchange more effective?

A

Tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap: increases resistance to flow of water over gills and slows it down increasing time for gas exchange
Counter current system: steep concentration gradient is maintained

biology (15 decks)

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