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Chemistry Paper 2 > C7 > Flashcards

C7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

It is a molecule made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

What is an alkane?

A

. Type of hydrocarbon
. Formula CnH2n+2
. Saturated- each carbon atom forms. 4covalent bond
. First 4 are methane, ethane, propane, butane

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3
Q

What happens to hydrocarbons as they get longer?

A

Properties change-
. The shorter, the more runny it is
. The shorter, the lower boiling point it will have
. The shorter, the more flammable it is

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4
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is plenty of oxygen

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5
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion and what occurs in complete combustion?

A

Equation-
Hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
. Releases alot of energy
. During combustion, both hydrogen and carbon from hydrocarbon are oxidised
. Hydrocarbons are used as fuels due to the amount of energy they release when cumbust completely

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6
Q

How is crude oil made

A

It is a fossil fuel. Formed from remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud. Due to high temps and pressure, remains turn into crude oil which can be drilled up and extracted

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7
Q

What is a finite source?

A

Source that will run out

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8
Q

What is fractional distillation used for and how does it work

A

. Used to seperate hydrocarbon fractions
. Crde oil is a mixture of lots of diferent hydrocarbons - mostly alkanes
. Oil heated until most of it has turned into gass. Gass enters the fractionating column
. There is a temp gradient in the column. Hot at bottom and cooler at top
. Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points so they condense back into liquid and drain out of bottom early on.
. Shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They condense and drain out later on near top of column

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9
Q

What are some of the uses of crude oil

A

. Feul for vehicles eg - diesel oil
. Petrochemical industry

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10
Q

What does cracking mean and why is it done

A

. Short chain hydrocarbon make good fuel but long chain hydrocarbon do not. Long chain hydrocarbon made from factional distillation is made into smaller chains through cracking process
. Cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction - breaking down molecules by heating them

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11
Q

What are the 2 diferent methods of cracking and how do they work

A

. Catalytic cracking - heat long chain of hydrocarbon to vapourise them
Vapour passes over hot powdered aluminium oxcide catalyst. Long chain splits apart on surface of the specks of catalyst
. Steam cracking - vapourise hydrocarbon, mix with steam and heat at very high temp

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12
Q

What are alkenes

A

. Hydrocarbon which contains a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms
. The double bond means that the alkene has 2 less hydrogen atoms compared to the alkane and the same number of carbons so they are unsaturated
. The double bond can be opened up to make a single bond so carbon atoms can bond with other atoms, making them reactive

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13
Q

Why are alkenes reactive?

A

The double bond can be opened up to make a single bond so carbon atoms can bond with other atoms, making them reactive

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14
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes

A

Ethene, propene, butane, pentene

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15
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH²n

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16
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion

A

. Alkene + oxygen –> carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
. Results in a yellow flame and less energy than complete

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17
Q

How do alkenes react

A

Via addition reactions. Alkenes all have functional group c=c so they all react in similar ways. Double bonds open up and leave a single bond so a new attom can join

18
Q

What is it called when hydrogen react with alkene

A

Hydrogenation. H² is added double bond opens up

19
Q

What is produced when steam reacts with alkene

A

Alcohol - when alkene reacts with steam, water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed

20
Q

What do u call a halogen that has reacted with an alkene

A

Eg: bromine and ethene
Dibromoethane

21
Q

What is the test for alkenes

A

Add bromine water to Saturated compound. If alkene is present, the colour of the bromine water will turn from orange to colourless

22
Q

What hat are plastics made off

A

Long chain molecules called polymers. Polymers are long chains made up of monomers

23
Q

What are addition polymers

A

Long chain molecules made up of unsaturated monomers. These monomer shave a double covelent bond which can open up to allow other monomers to join on to create the polymer. This is called audition polymerisation

24
Q

What is the functional group of alcohol

A

-OH

25
Q

What are the properties of aclohol

A

. Flammable
. Undergo complete combustion producing CO² and H²O
. Neutral PH - soluble in water
. Can react with Sodium - produce hydrogen
. Can be oxidised - react with oxygen - to form carboxylic acid

26
Q

What some uses of alcohols

A

Used as solvents and fuels

27
Q

What is fermentation and what does it produce

A

It is when anearobic respiration occurs in yeast cells. It produces the alcohol ethanol and also CO²

28
Q

What are carboxylic acids

A

They are a homologous series of compounds that have the functional group -COOH.
the names of them end in ‘-anoic acid’

29
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with to form salt, water and carbon dioxide

A

Carbonates

30
Q

What is the chemical equation for esters

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid –> ester + water
. Uses an acid catalyst

31
Q

What does condensation polymerisation create

A

Polymers

32
Q

What does condensation polymerisation invlove

A

Monomers which contain diferent functional groups

33
Q

How does condensation polymerisation work

A

Monomers react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains.
For each new bond that forms, a small molecule like water is lost

34
Q

What is the most simplest type of condensation polymerisation

A

These contain only 2 diferent types of monomers, each with 2 of the same functional group

35
Q

What is the number of types of monomers in addition polymerisation

A

Only one type containing c=c bond

36
Q

How many products are formed In addition polymerisation

A

Only one

37
Q

What is the munber of types of monomers in condensation polymerisation

A

2 monomer types each containing 2 of the same functional groups
Or one monomer type with 2 diferent functional groups

38
Q

What do amino acids contain

A

An amino group and carboxylic group. Eg: glycine

39
Q

What are protien made up of

A

Polymers of amino acids

40
Q

What are DNA molecules made from

A

Nucleotide polymers

Chemistry Paper 2 (4 decks)

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