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Chemistry Paper 2 > C10 > Flashcards

C10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are ceramics

A

Non metal solids with high melting points that arnt made from carbon based compounds

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2
Q

What are some examples of ceramics

A

Glass and clay

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3
Q

How is clay made

A

Dug up from ground, wtter and molded into diferent shapes and then cooked at high temp in a furnace

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4
Q

How is glass made

A

. Sodalime glass - heat mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate
. Borosilicate - made of sand and boron trioxide

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5
Q

What are composites

A

Materials made of one material embedded in another. Fibres or fragments of a material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder

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6
Q

What are some examples of composites

A

. Fibreglass
. carbon fibre
. Concrete
. Wood

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7
Q

Describe low density polymers

A

Made at moderate temps under high pressure. Flexible. Used for bags and bottles

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8
Q

Describe high density polymers

A

. Made at lower temp and pressure with a catalyst. More rigid. Used for water tanks and drain pipes

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9
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers

A

Individual polymer chains entwined together with weah forced between the chains. Can be melted and remoulded

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10
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A

Contains monomers wich can create crosslinks between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure. Don’t soften when heated

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11
Q

What are the properties of ceramics

A

Insulators of heat and electricity
Brittle
Stiff

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12
Q

Proper it’s of polymers

A

Insulators
Flexible
Easily moulded

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13
Q

Properties of composites

A

Depend on matrix/binder and the reinforcement. Have diferent uses

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14
Q

Properties of metal

A

Malleable
Good conductor electricity
Ductile
Shiny
Stiff

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15
Q

What is corrosion and what metals does this occur with

A

This is when metals react with substances in thier environment and are gradually destroyed. Occurs with iron and steel

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16
Q

What is needed for corrosion/rusting to occur

A

Oxygen and water

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17
Q

What is the word equation for rusting

A

Iron + oxygen + water –> hydrated iron (lll) oxide

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18
Q

How can rusting be prevented

A

. Coat with plastic
. Electroplating
. Oiling and greesing
. Galvsnise by spraying with coating of zinc

19
Q

What is a finite resource

A

A resource that will eventually run out eg: natural resources

20
Q

What are the risks of extracting finite resources

A

. People have to balance social, economic and environmental effects of extracting finite resources

21
Q

How can extracting resources be unsustainable

A

Due to the amount tof energy used and amount of waste produced

22
Q

What is one way of improving sustainability of copper

A

By extracting from low grade ores (ores without much copper in it)

23
Q

What is bioleaching

A

Bacteria is used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds, seperating out the copper from the ore in the process.
The leachate(solution produced my this process) contains copper ions wich can be extracted via electrolysis

24
Q

What is phytomining

A

Involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. The plant can’t use or get rid of the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. The plant can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. the ash contains soluble copper compounds which can be extracted by electrolysis

25
Q

What is the issue with the traditional method of extracting copper?

A

Damaging to the environment

26
Q

What is recycling metals important?

A

. Recycling them uses less energy than mining and extracting them
. It conserves thé finite amount of metal
. Cuts down amount of waste going I to landfill

27
Q

How are metals recycled?

A

By melting them and temoulding them into new products

28
Q

How can recycling glass he sustainable?

A

It reduces the amount of energy needed to make new glass products, and also the amount of waste created when used glass is thrown away

29
Q

How can glass be recycled

A

. Reusing glass bottles
. Glass can be seperated by colour and chemical composition. It is then melted, crushed and reshapedto form new products

30
Q

What is a life cycle assessment

A

This shows the total environmental costs. It looks at every stage of a products life to asess the impact it would have on the environment

31
Q

What is stage 1 of the life cycle assessment

A

Getting the raw materials. The extracting of these can damage the local environment and result in pollution due to amount of energy needed for it
. Raw materials often need to be processed to extract desired material wich requires lots of energy

32
Q

What is stage 2 of the life cycle assessment

A

. Manufacturing and packaging.
. Theses products can use lots of energy and and can also cause polluting
. Creates waste products. Some chemical reactions used to make compounds from there raw material creates waste products, but some can be turned into other useful chemicals

33
Q

What is stage 3 of the life cycle assessment

A

. Using the product
. The use of some products can harm the environment. Eg - burning fuels
. How long the product can be use for matters since products that use lots of energy to make but last for ages means less waste in the long run

34
Q

What is stage 4 of the life cycle assessment

A

. Product disposal
. Products often disposed in landfill sights - takes up space and can pollute land and water
. Ebergy is sued to transport waste into landfill which causes pollutants to be released onto the atmosphere
. Might be incinerated which causes air pollution

35
Q

What is potable water

A

Water that isn’t a pure substance but is safe to drink

36
Q

How is most portable water produced

A

. Choosing an apropriate source of fresh water
. Passing the water through filters for filterisation - done by passing water through a mesh to remove large objects
. Sterilising the water using sterilising agents eg:chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light. Done to kill bacteria or microbes in water so it is safe to drink

37
Q

What is desalination

A

Making potable water from salty water or sea water. This can be done by distilation or by reverse osmosis wich uses a membrane

38
Q

What is waste water produced from

A

Urban life styles and industry processes

39
Q

What hat does sewage and agricultural waste water require the removal of?

A

Organic matter, harmful microbes

40
Q

What does industrial waste water require the removal of

A

Organic matter
Harmful chemicals

41
Q

What does sewage treatment include

A

. Screening and grid removal - removing large bits like tigs
. Sédimentation to remove sewage sludge which sinks to the bottom and effluent which floats to the top
. Anearobic digestion of sewage sludge which is when air is pumped into the water to kill bacteria and break down organic matter and stérilisés water
.

42
Q

What is the harbor process

A

Process that produces ammonia which is used to make firtilisers

43
Q

What is ammonia made from

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

Chemistry Paper 2 (4 decks)

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