C10 Flashcards
What are ceramics
Non metal solids with high melting points that arnt made from carbon based compounds
What are some examples of ceramics
Glass and clay
How is clay made
Dug up from ground, wtter and molded into diferent shapes and then cooked at high temp in a furnace
How is glass made
. Sodalime glass - heat mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate
. Borosilicate - made of sand and boron trioxide
What are composites
Materials made of one material embedded in another. Fibres or fragments of a material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder
What are some examples of composites
. Fibreglass
. carbon fibre
. Concrete
. Wood
Describe low density polymers
Made at moderate temps under high pressure. Flexible. Used for bags and bottles
Describe high density polymers
. Made at lower temp and pressure with a catalyst. More rigid. Used for water tanks and drain pipes
What are thermosoftening polymers
Individual polymer chains entwined together with weah forced between the chains. Can be melted and remoulded
What are thermosetting polymers
Contains monomers wich can create crosslinks between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure. Don’t soften when heated
What are the properties of ceramics
Insulators of heat and electricity
Brittle
Stiff
Proper it’s of polymers
Insulators
Flexible
Easily moulded
Properties of composites
Depend on matrix/binder and the reinforcement. Have diferent uses
Properties of metal
Malleable
Good conductor electricity
Ductile
Shiny
Stiff
What is corrosion and what metals does this occur with
This is when metals react with substances in thier environment and are gradually destroyed. Occurs with iron and steel
What is needed for corrosion/rusting to occur
Oxygen and water
What is the word equation for rusting
Iron + oxygen + water –> hydrated iron (lll) oxide
How can rusting be prevented
. Coat with plastic
. Electroplating
. Oiling and greesing
. Galvsnise by spraying with coating of zinc
What is a finite resource
A resource that will eventually run out eg: natural resources
What are the risks of extracting finite resources
. People have to balance social, economic and environmental effects of extracting finite resources
How can extracting resources be unsustainable
Due to the amount tof energy used and amount of waste produced
What is one way of improving sustainability of copper
By extracting from low grade ores (ores without much copper in it)
What is bioleaching
Bacteria is used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds, seperating out the copper from the ore in the process.
The leachate(solution produced my this process) contains copper ions wich can be extracted via electrolysis
What is phytomining
Involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. The plant can’t use or get rid of the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. The plant can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. the ash contains soluble copper compounds which can be extracted by electrolysis
What is the issue with the traditional method of extracting copper?
Damaging to the environment
What is recycling metals important?
. Recycling them uses less energy than mining and extracting them
. It conserves thé finite amount of metal
. Cuts down amount of waste going I to landfill
How are metals recycled?
By melting them and temoulding them into new products
How can recycling glass he sustainable?
It reduces the amount of energy needed to make new glass products, and also the amount of waste created when used glass is thrown away
How can glass be recycled
. Reusing glass bottles
. Glass can be seperated by colour and chemical composition. It is then melted, crushed and reshapedto form new products
What is a life cycle assessment
This shows the total environmental costs. It looks at every stage of a products life to asess the impact it would have on the environment
What is stage 1 of the life cycle assessment
Getting the raw materials. The extracting of these can damage the local environment and result in pollution due to amount of energy needed for it
. Raw materials often need to be processed to extract desired material wich requires lots of energy
What is stage 2 of the life cycle assessment
. Manufacturing and packaging.
. Theses products can use lots of energy and and can also cause polluting
. Creates waste products. Some chemical reactions used to make compounds from there raw material creates waste products, but some can be turned into other useful chemicals
What is stage 3 of the life cycle assessment
. Using the product
. The use of some products can harm the environment. Eg - burning fuels
. How long the product can be use for matters since products that use lots of energy to make but last for ages means less waste in the long run
What is stage 4 of the life cycle assessment
. Product disposal
. Products often disposed in landfill sights - takes up space and can pollute land and water
. Ebergy is sued to transport waste into landfill which causes pollutants to be released onto the atmosphere
. Might be incinerated which causes air pollution
What is potable water
Water that isn’t a pure substance but is safe to drink
How is most portable water produced
. Choosing an apropriate source of fresh water
. Passing the water through filters for filterisation - done by passing water through a mesh to remove large objects
. Sterilising the water using sterilising agents eg:chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light. Done to kill bacteria or microbes in water so it is safe to drink
What is desalination
Making potable water from salty water or sea water. This can be done by distilation or by reverse osmosis wich uses a membrane
What is waste water produced from
Urban life styles and industry processes
What hat does sewage and agricultural waste water require the removal of?
Organic matter, harmful microbes
What does industrial waste water require the removal of
Organic matter
Harmful chemicals
What does sewage treatment include
. Screening and grid removal - removing large bits like tigs
. Sédimentation to remove sewage sludge which sinks to the bottom and effluent which floats to the top
. Anearobic digestion of sewage sludge which is when air is pumped into the water to kill bacteria and break down organic matter and stérilisés water
.
What is the harbor process
Process that produces ammonia which is used to make firtilisers
What is ammonia made from
Nitrogen and hydrogen
