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C7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil made from?

A

the remains
of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried
in mud.

finite rescource

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2
Q

How long did crude oil take to

form?

A

Millions of years

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons made of?

A

Molecules containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY

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4
Q

What is the general formula for
alkanes? Are they Saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated compound
CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Name the first 4 alkanes in order

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane (Monkeys, Eat, Purple, Bananas)

covalent bonds

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6
Q

Describe the trend in boiling points
of hydrocarbons

A

As the hydrocarbon gets bigger, the boiling points INCREASE

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7
Q

Name the process used to
separate crude oil.

A

Fractional Distillation

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8
Q

Describe the properties of a LONG chain hydrocarbon

A

-High boiling point(less volatile)
-very viscous
-low flammability/ harder to ignite
-burns with smoky flame

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9
Q

State the 2 products of COMPLETE
combustion of hydrocarbons.
What else is produced?
What is the balenced formular?

Oxidation or reduction?

A

Carbon dioxide and water (g) + energy

Carbon+ hydrogen= oxidised

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10
Q

State the possible products of INCOMPLETE combustion of
hydrocarbons
What else is produced?

A

Water(g) +carbon monoxide/ carbon particulates

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11
Q

Name the 2 methods of cracking

A

Catalytic cracking and steam cracking

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12
Q

Describe the test for alkenes

A

Add bromine water
-colourless=alkene as water= decolourised

+stay orange

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13
Q

Describe the result of the test for alkenes

A

Bromine water goes from orange to colourless with an alkene

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14
Q

Draw the product when ethene reacts with hydrogen.

A

ethan

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15
Q

Draw the product when ethene reacts with chlorine.

A
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16
Q

Draw the product when ethene
reacts with water.

A
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17
Q

Draw butanol

A
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18
Q

Name the process to produce
ethanol from sugar

A

Fermentation by yeast

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19
Q

Draw propanoic acid

A
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20
Q

Name the shape of a DNA

molecule

A

Double helix

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21
Q

What monomer forms the DNA

polymer?

A

Nucleotide.

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22
Q

What monomer forms the

protein polymer?

A

Amino acid

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23
Q

Give an example of an Homoglogous series.What does that mean?

A

-A group of organic compunds with same funtional group wich react in a simmilar way
e.g. Alkanes

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24
Q

Describe the process of fractional distilation.

A

1)Heat to vapourise crude oil
2)Temp gradient (gets cooler as you go up).
3)Gas rises up the column
3)Long=high boiling points= condence earlyer near bottem.
4)Shorter=lower boiling points=condense later on near top
5)End up with mixture seperted into diff fractions each fraction= simmilar carbon atoms+boiling points

the gases condense at thei boiling points

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25
Q

lable the length of the hydrocarbon and the product

A
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26
Q

What are the uses of crude oil?

A
  • Fuel for transport
  • Petrochemical industry for feedstock to make new compounds e.g polymeers, solvents, lubricants and detergants
    => Example of orgainc compounds each wich diff homologous sereies
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27
Q

What is cracking and why is it useful?

A

-long chain= fuel short chain=tar not so useful
-Cracking-Turing long chain hydrocarbons into useful short chain hydrocarbons, a thermal decompostion rection, braking down molecule via heating

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28
Q

What are the conditions for steam and catalytic craking?

A

Catalytic cracking:
-Heat long chain to** vapourise** the
-pass over hot powdered Aluminium oxide, a catalyst.
-long chain is then split apart on surface of Catalyst
Steam cracking:
-Add steam and heat to vaporise hydorcarbon
-Add steam and heat

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29
Q

What is genral formular for alkenes are they saturated or unsaturated?

A

-C=C double bond=>unsaturated
-it can open to make single bond=more rective than alkAnes

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30
Q

How do Alkens combust and why?

A

-in little oxygen in air= incomplete combustion
-Smokey yellow flame+less energy.

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31
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Alkens used to make polymers
Many small molecules (monomers) join to form large molecules (polymers)

32
Q

What is Hydrogention?

A

-Hydrogen reats with alken to open double bond

33
Q
A
34
Q

Ethene + chlorine->

A

-Addtion reaction
Alkene+ halogen-> Haloalkane

Di- chloro-> two chlorine atoms have been addde to molecule

35
Q

What makes a plactics and what is this rection called

A

-Plactics (carbon baised) are made up of long-chain molecule called polymers made of lots of small chain monomers-Polymerisation=monomer=>polymer using high presure+catalyst

36
Q

What is an addition polymer made up of?

A

-repeating monomer chains
-Same atoms as the reactant as nothing else is added

37
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

37
Q

Draw the display formular for Poly(chloronethen)

A
37
Q

What is the general formular for carbocylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

37
Q

What is a homolgous series?

A

-Group of organic compunds wich recact in a similar way as they have same functional group
-Example: AlkAnes, AlkEnes, Carboxylic acids, Alchols ect

37
Q

Name the first 4 alchols with formulars

A
37
Q

What are the properties of Alcohols?

A

-Dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
-React with sodium to produce hydrogen
-Burn in air to produce CO2 and H2O

37
Q

what are the uses of Alcohols?

A

-Solvent industry as dissolve things water can’t dissolve e.g. parfumes
-Fuel
-Drinks

38
Q

How can ethanol be made? Describe the process.

A

Fermentation:
-Fementation: Sugar(glucose)=>ethanol
-glucose form plant material
-CO2= by-product
-Enzymes in yeast= natural catalyst

Ethanol produced is Aq

38
Q

Name the first 4 carbocylic with the formular.

A
39
Q

What happens when Carboxylic acids react with alcohols? For example: Ethanol+ ethanoic acid

A

When in prensence sulfuric acid reacto to form ester
Ethanol+ Ethanoic acid-> Ethyl ethanoate

40
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

41
Q

What are esters formed from?

A

Alchohol + carboxylic acis

42
Q

Draw and describe the reaction (ester) for ethanoic acid + ethanol

A
43
Q

How can polymers be made?

A

Condensation Polymerisation

43
Q

What happens in a polymersation reaction of ethene (draw)

A
This structure repeated may times too long to draw though
43
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Subsance of high relative formular mass made up of small repeting units (momomers)

44
Q

Descibe the structure of a nucelotide

A
45
Q

What is the monmer for starch?

A

Glucose

46
Q

What is the monomer for cellulose?

A

Glucose

47
Q

What are the properties of Carboylic acids?

A

-Dissolve in water to forduce acidic soltions around PH3
-React with Carbonates to produce CO2
-React with alchol in presence of sulfuric acid catalys to produce ester

48
Q

Are Carboxylic acid weak or strong, if so why?

A
  • H+ make strong acidic soltion
  • Carboxylic acids are weak
  • They don’t ionise completly when dissoved in water = lower conc of H+ => higer PH
  • Aqueous soltions of weak acids have a higher PH value than Aqueous soltions of strong acid with the same conc
49
Q

What is the functional group of amino acids?

What is an amino acid’s functional groups?

A

Two diffrent functional groups

Has COOH and amine -NH2 functional groups

50
Q

What happens when amino acids react by condensation polymerisation?

A

Produce Polypeptides via condensation polymeriastion of amion acids
-shorter than protien

protiens= many polypeptides chains bonded together

51
Q

Wha happens when diff amino acid are combined?

A

Protein produced

52
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

-Large molecule essential for life
-Encodedes genetic instructions for development and function of living organisms

53
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  • Two polmer chains made from 4 monomers called Nucleotides
  • Two polymer chains form double helix
54
Q

What would the ball and stick modle look like for :
Ethene
Propen
Buten

A
55
Q

How do amino acids make protiens?

A

By numerous condensation ploymersation reactions

protien made of amino acid monomers

56
Q

How do esters smell?

A

Fruity!!!

57
Q

Oxidation of alchols leads to …………..?

A

Carboxylic acid

58
Q

Descibe the addition reaction of alkenes

A

C=C => C-C
- hydrogen-hydrogenation: higher temp + nickel catalyst
-Steam- hydrogenation : high temp, preasure concentrated phosphoric acid H3PO4 catalyst
-Br/Cl/I- addtion for halogens

Whithhydrogen, wter or halogen adding atoms turn; c=c=> c-c

59
Q

What are polymers?

A

Made by joing togther thousands of small identical molecules

60
Q

What is used to make Addition polymers?

A

Alkenes

All of the atoms in momomer end up in polymer

61
Q

React theses togheter

A

Ester + water formed

62
Q

Whtat happens when 2 gylcien molcules react

A
63
Q

What is a protien made of?

A

Combining diff amino acids into same chain polymer becomes protien

64
Q

petrochemical industry produces

A

solvents, lubricants,
polymers, detergents

65
Q

The vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur
due to the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar
compounds.

A
66
Q

Conditions for steam craking

A

avpourise ans g

67
Q

Hhys is crkcing useful

A

There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules and so some
of the products of cracking are useful as fuels.

68
Q

Alkenes are used to produce …

A

polymer

Chemistry (27 decks)

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