C7 Flashcards
What is crude oil made from?
the remains
of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton that was buried
in mud.
finite rescource
How long did crude oil take to
form?
Millions of years
What are hydrocarbons made of?
Molecules containing hydrogen and carbon ONLY
What is the general formula for
alkanes? Are they Saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated compound
CnH2n+2
Name the first 4 alkanes in order
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane (Monkeys, Eat, Purple, Bananas)
covalent bonds
Describe the trend in boiling points
of hydrocarbons
As the hydrocarbon gets bigger, the boiling points INCREASE
Name the process used to
separate crude oil.
Fractional Distillation
Describe the properties of a LONG chain hydrocarbon
-High boiling point(less volatile)
-very viscous
-low flammability/ harder to ignite
-burns with smoky flame
State the 2 products of COMPLETE
combustion of hydrocarbons.
What else is produced?
What is the balenced formular?
Oxidation or reduction?
Carbon dioxide and water (g) + energy
Carbon+ hydrogen= oxidised
State the possible products of INCOMPLETE combustion of
hydrocarbons
What else is produced?
Water(g) +carbon monoxide/ carbon particulates
Name the 2 methods of cracking
Catalytic cracking and steam cracking
Describe the test for alkenes
Add bromine water
-colourless=alkene as water= decolourised
+stay orange
Describe the result of the test for alkenes
Bromine water goes from orange to colourless with an alkene
Draw the product when ethene reacts with hydrogen.
ethan
Draw the product when ethene reacts with chlorine.
Draw the product when ethene
reacts with water.
Draw butanol
Name the process to produce
ethanol from sugar
Fermentation by yeast
Draw propanoic acid
Name the shape of a DNA
molecule
Double helix
What monomer forms the DNA
polymer?
Nucleotide.
What monomer forms the
protein polymer?
Amino acid
Give an example of an Homoglogous series.What does that mean?
-A group of organic compunds with same funtional group wich react in a simmilar way
e.g. Alkanes
Describe the process of fractional distilation.
1)Heat to vapourise crude oil
2)Temp gradient (gets cooler as you go up).
3)Gas rises up the column
3)Long=high boiling points= condence earlyer near bottem.
4)Shorter=lower boiling points=condense later on near top
5)End up with mixture seperted into diff fractions each fraction= simmilar carbon atoms+boiling points
the gases condense at thei boiling points
lable the length of the hydrocarbon and the product
What are the uses of crude oil?
- Fuel for transport
-
Petrochemical industry for feedstock to make new compounds e.g polymeers, solvents, lubricants and detergants
=> Example of orgainc compounds each wich diff homologous sereies
What is cracking and why is it useful?
-long chain= fuel short chain=tar not so useful
-Cracking-Turing long chain hydrocarbons into useful short chain hydrocarbons, a thermal decompostion rection, braking down molecule via heating
What are the conditions for steam and catalytic craking?
Catalytic cracking:
-Heat long chain to** vapourise** the
-pass over hot powdered Aluminium oxide, a catalyst.
-long chain is then split apart on surface of Catalyst
Steam cracking:
-Add steam and heat to vaporise hydorcarbon
-Add steam and heat
What is genral formular for alkenes are they saturated or unsaturated?
-C=C double bond=>unsaturated
-it can open to make single bond=more rective than alkAnes
How do Alkens combust and why?
-in little oxygen in air= incomplete combustion
-Smokey yellow flame+less energy.
What is addition polymerisation?
Alkens used to make polymers
Many small molecules (monomers) join to form large molecules (polymers)
What is Hydrogention?
-Hydrogen reats with alken to open double bond
Ethene + chlorine->
-Addtion reaction
Alkene+ halogen-> Haloalkane
Di- chloro-> two chlorine atoms have been addde to molecule
What makes a plactics and what is this rection called
-Plactics (carbon baised) are made up of long-chain molecule called polymers made of lots of small chain monomers-Polymerisation=monomer=>polymer using high presure+catalyst
What is an addition polymer made up of?
-repeating monomer chains
-Same atoms as the reactant as nothing else is added
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
-COOH
Draw the display formular for Poly(chloronethen)
What is the general formular for carbocylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
What is a homolgous series?
-Group of organic compunds wich recact in a similar way as they have same functional group
-Example: AlkAnes, AlkEnes, Carboxylic acids, Alchols ect
Name the first 4 alchols with formulars
What are the properties of Alcohols?
-Dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
-React with sodium to produce hydrogen
-Burn in air to produce CO2 and H2O
what are the uses of Alcohols?
-Solvent industry as dissolve things water can’t dissolve e.g. parfumes
-Fuel
-Drinks
How can ethanol be made? Describe the process.
Fermentation:
-Fementation: Sugar(glucose)=>ethanol
-glucose form plant material
-CO2= by-product
-Enzymes in yeast= natural catalyst
Ethanol produced is Aq
What happens when Carboxylic acids react with alcohols? For example: Ethanol+ ethanoic acid
When in prensence sulfuric acid reacto to form ester
Ethanol+ Ethanoic acid-> Ethyl ethanoate
What is the functional group of esters?
-COO-
What are esters formed from?
Alchohol + carboxylic acis
Draw and describe the reaction (ester) for ethanoic acid + ethanol
How can polymers be made?
Condensation Polymerisation
What happens in a polymersation reaction of ethene (draw)
What is a polymer?
Subsance of high relative formular mass made up of small repeting units (momomers)
Descibe the structure of a nucelotide
What is the monmer for starch?
Glucose
What is the monomer for cellulose?
Glucose
What are the properties of Carboylic acids?
-Dissolve in water to forduce acidic soltions around PH3
-React with Carbonates to produce CO2
-React with alchol in presence of sulfuric acid catalys to produce ester
Are Carboxylic acid weak or strong, if so why?
- H+ make strong acidic soltion
- Carboxylic acids are weak
- They don’t ionise completly when dissoved in water = lower conc of H+ => higer PH
- Aqueous soltions of weak acids have a higher PH value than Aqueous soltions of strong acid with the same conc
What is the functional group of amino acids?
What is an amino acid’s functional groups?
Two diffrent functional groups
Has COOH and amine -NH2 functional groups
What happens when amino acids react by condensation polymerisation?
Produce Polypeptides via condensation polymeriastion of amion acids
-shorter than protien
protiens= many polypeptides chains bonded together
Wha happens when diff amino acid are combined?
Protein produced
What is the function of DNA?
-Large molecule essential for life
-Encodedes genetic instructions for development and function of living organisms
Describe the structure of DNA
- Two polmer chains made from 4 monomers called Nucleotides
- Two polymer chains form double helix
What would the ball and stick modle look like for :
Ethene
Propen
Buten
How do amino acids make protiens?
By numerous condensation ploymersation reactions
protien made of amino acid monomers
C=C => C-C
- hydrogen-hydrogenation: higher temp + nickel catalyst
-Steam- hydrogenation : high temp, preasure concentrated phosphoric acid H3PO4 catalyst
-Br/Cl/I- addtion for halogens
Whithhydrogen, wter or halogen adding atoms turn; c=c=> c-c
What are polymers?
Made by joing togther thousands of small identical molecules
What is used to make Addition polymers?
Alkenes
All of the atoms in momomer end up in polymer
React theses togheter
Ester + water formed
Whtat happens when 2 gylcien molcules react
What is a protien made of?
Combining diff amino acids into same chain polymer becomes protien
petrochemical industry produces
solvents, lubricants,
polymers, detergents
The vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur
due to the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar
compounds.
Conditions for steam craking
avpourise ans g
Hhys is crkcing useful
There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules and so some
of the products of cracking are useful as fuels.
Alkenes are used to produce …
polymer
