C10: THE HABER PROCESS + FERTILISERS Flashcards

1
Q

What is ammonia used to make?

A

fertilisers

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2
Q

What is ammonia made from? (+where do the elements come from?)

A

-nitrogen (from atmosphere)
-hydrogen (from natural gas)

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3
Q

What is the name of the process whereby ammonia is made?

A

the Haber process

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4
Q

What is the equation for the reaction to produce ammonia?

A

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

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5
Q

Descibe the Haber process?

A

-nitrogen extracted from air and hydrogen from natural gas are pumped through pipes
-the pressure of the mixture of gases is increased to 200 atm
-the pressurised gases are heated to 450°C and passed through a tank containing an iron catalyst
-the reaction mixture is cooled so that ammonia liquefies and can be removed (unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled)

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6
Q

What are the conditions required for the Haber process?

A

-iron catalyst
-temp of ~450°C
-high pressure of 200 atm

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7
Q

Why is an iron catalyst used?

A

-increases rate of reaction by lowering activation energy
-no effect on yield

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8
Q

Why is a temp of ~450°C used?

A

-increases rate of reaction (more kinetic energy so more frequent and more successful collisions)
-high temp decreases yield so a compromise temp of ~450°C is used (high enough for fast rate, not too high that yield is low)

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9
Q

Why is a pressure of 200 atm used?

A

-increases rate of reaction (more frequent collisions)
-increases yield

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10
Q

What are fertilisers?

A

formulations of various salts that provide mineral ions needed for healthy growth in plants

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11
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

fertilisers containing nitrogen (N) , phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)

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12
Q

Where does the nitrogen used in NPK fertilisers come from?

A

from ammonia in Haber process

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13
Q

Where does the phosphorous used in NPK fertilisers come from?

A

from phosphate rock

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14
Q

Where does the potassium used in NPK fertilisers come from?

A

from mining KCl(Potassium chloride) and K2SO4(Potassium sulfate)

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15
Q

What salts are manufactured from ammonia and how?

A

-ammonium phosphate ((NH4)2PO4) (made by reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid)
-ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) (made by reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid)
-ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (made by converting ammonia into nitruc acid then reacting ammonia with the nitric acid)

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16
Q

What salts are manufactured from phosphate rock and how?

A

-single superphosphate (made by reacting phosphate rock with sulfuric acid)
-triple superphosphate (made by reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid to make phosphoric acid and then reacting the phosphoric acid with phosphate rock)
-ammonium phosphate (made by reacting phosphate rock with nitric acid to make phosphoric acid and then reacting the phosphoric acid with ammonia)

17
Q

What salts are mined?

A

-potassium chloride (KCl)
-potassium sulfate (K2SO4)