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Chemistry > C6.2 > Flashcards

C6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alkanes?

A

They are saturated hydrocarbons that form a homologous series

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2
Q

What does it mean a molecule to be saturated?

A

The molecule only has single carbon bonds

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3
Q

What does it means for an molecule to be a hydrocarbon?

A

The atom only contains hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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5
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

What do you have to remember when drawing the displayed formulae?

A

Carbon can form 4 bonds
Hydrogen can form 1 bond

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7
Q

What type of bonds form in alkanes?

A

Covalent bonds

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8
Q

How do alkanes react in a good supply of oxygen?

A

They perform complete combustion
Carbon dioxide and water are formed

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9
Q

How do alkanes react in a poor supply of oxygen?

A

Incomplete combustion
Carbon monoxide (CO) and water

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10
Q

What is the pattern of boiling point with alkanes?

A

The boiling point increases with an increasing number of carbon atoms

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

They are unsaturated hydrocarbons that form a homologous series

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12
Q

What does a molecule being unsaturated mean?

A

The molecule has a carbon to carbon double bond

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13
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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14
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

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15
Q

How do you model alkenes?

A

Draw all the atoms but make sure there is 1 carbon to carbon double bond

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16
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom, group of atoms, or type of bond in a molecule that is responsible for the characteristics of the reaction

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17
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

When an atoms or group of atoms combine with a molecule to form a larger molecule with no other product

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18
Q

How would you test for saturation?

A

Add bromine water

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19
Q

How does bromine react with alkenes and why?

A

It turns colourless because of the carbon to carbon double bond

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20
Q

How can alkenes become alkanes?

A

Perform an addition reaction between an alkene and hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst

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21
Q

What is the functional group in alkenes?

A

The carbon to carbon double bond

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22
Q

What are alcohols?

A

They form a homologous series

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23
Q

What is the functional group in alcohols?

A

The hydroxyl group - OH

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24
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1, OH

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25
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols?

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

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26
Q

How do alkenes react?

A

Combustion just like alkanes
Complete combustion in oxygen - CO2 + H2O
Incomplete combustion in low oxygen - CO + H2O

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27
Q

How do alcohols react?

A

Complete combustion in the presence of lots of oxygen
Incomplete combustion in the presence of a poor amount of oxygen

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28
Q

What is produced in the complete combustion of alcohols?

A

Water (as water vapour) and carbon dioxide

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29
Q

What is formed in the incomplete combustion of alcohols?

A

Carbon monoxide and water (as water vapour)

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30
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid?

A

Carboxyl group - COOH

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31
Q

What is the general formula for the carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1, COOH
Where methanoic acid (the first one) does not have the Carbon at the beginning

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32
Q

How are carboxylic acids formed?

A

When alcohols react with oxidising agents, such as potassium manganate(VII)

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33
Q

How do carboxylic acids react?

A

Typical of acids so react:
With metals to produce salts and hydrogen
With alkalis and bases to produce salts and water
With carbonates to produce salts, water and carbon dioxide

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34
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A non-renewable fossil fuel and it is being used faster than it is formed

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35
Q

What does more carbon atoms in an alkane molecule mean?

A

The larger the molecules
The stronger the intermolecular forces
The higher the boiling point

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36
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

Complex mixture of hydrocarbons (mainly alkanes) that are separated by fractional distillation

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37
Q

What are the attributes of a fractionating column?

A

The higher you go up it, the lower the temperature
Smaller alkane molecules at the top

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38
Q

How are alkanes separated from crude oil in a fractionating column?

A

There is a temperature gradient in the fractioning column so vapours cool as they rise through the column and then they condense into liquid state if they reach a part that is cool enough

39
Q

What are fractions in a fractionating column?

A

The separate parts of the crude oil

40
Q

What does each fraction contain?

A

Many substances with similar boiling points - highest boiling point at bottom and lowing boiling point at top

41
Q

What is cracking?

A

A chemical reaction that converts large alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules

42
Q

What happens during cracking?

A

Covalent bonds between atoms in the large alkane molecules break under certain conditions

43
Q

What are the conditions required for cracking?

A

High temperature (600 - 700 degrees Celsius)
Hot catalyst of alumina or silica

44
Q

What type of molecules are useful as fuels and why?

A

Fractions with small alkane molecules as they flow more easily and are easier to ignite (as suppose to large alkane molecules which are the opposite)

45
Q

What are examples of useful products produced by cracking?

A

Diesel
Petrol
LPG

46
Q

Why is crude oil important?

A

It is used to produce fuels which are high in demand

47
Q

What are addition polymers?

A

Polymers that are formed by monomers undergoing addition reaction as they have a carbon to carbon double bond

48
Q

What are examples of molecules that can become addition polymers?

A

All alkenes

49
Q

What are the conditions needed for addition polymerisation reactions?

A

High pressure
Catalyst

50
Q

What do monomers undergo to become addition polymers?

A

Addition polymerisation reactions

51
Q

How does the name of a monomer change become a polymer?

A

Ethene —> poly(ethene)

52
Q

What are the 3 biological polymers?

A

DNA
Protein
Carbohydrates

53
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

54
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

A phosphate group
A sugar called deoxyribose
An organic base

55
Q

What are the 4 different bases in a nucleotide?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

56
Q

How is a DNA strand comprised?

A

Nucleotides join together end by end to form 1 strand of DNA - the sugar of 1 nucleotide bonds to the phosphate group of the next nucleotide

57
Q

How are two strands of DNA bonded!

A

They spiral around each other in opposite directions and intermolecular forces called hydrogen bonds form between the complimentary bases on opposite strands

58
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

Cytosine and Guanine
Adenine and Thymine

59
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Monomers called amino acids

60
Q

How many natural occurring amino acids are there?

A

20

61
Q

How do amino acids join together?

A

Each amino acid has a reactive functional group at each

62
Q

What do different protein molecules contain?

A

Different numbers of amino acids joined together in different combinations

63
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

64
Q

What do carbohydrates include?

A

Simple sugars (deoxyribose and sucrose)
Complex carbohydrates (starch)

65
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Two simple sugars - fructose and glucose

66
Q

What is starch made of?

A

Very many simple sugars joined together

67
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction in which 2 molecules react together to form 1 larger molecule and 1 smaller molecule (often water)

68
Q

What do carboxylic acids and alcohols form?

A

Organic compounds called esters and water

69
Q

What are condensation polymers?

A

Polymers formed by condensation reactions

70
Q

What is different about a monomer molecule for a condensation polymer?

A

They need 2 different functional groups at each end

71
Q

What is an example of condensation polymers?

A

Proteins formed by amino acids - each amino acid has an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

72
Q

What is an amide group?

A

It is how the remaining parts of each monomer are joined together (for amino acids)

73
Q

What is the symbol for the amide group?

A

-CONH-

74
Q

What are the two main types of artificial condensation polymers?

A

Polyesters
Polyamides

75
Q

What are polyesters made from?

A

A carboxylic acid with 2 carboxyl groups
An alcohol with 2 hydroxyl groups

76
Q

Why is a polyester called a polyester?

A

Because they contain main ester groups (-COO-)

77
Q

What are polyamides made from?

A

A carboxylic acid with 2 carboxyl groups
An amine with 2 amino groups (-CONH-)

78
Q

What is an example of a polyester?

A

PET - used to make clothing and fizzy drink bottles

79
Q

What is an example of a polyamide?

A

Nylon - used to make clothing and carpets

80
Q

What are the conditions for addition polymerisation?

A

A catalyst
High temperature
High pressure

81
Q

What are the conditions for condensation polymerisation?

A

No catalyst needed
Room temperature
Room pressure

82
Q

What are examples of chemical cells?

A

Batteries in portable devices such as mobile phones and torches

83
Q

How does a chemical cell work?

A

Exothermic reactions in the cell develop a voltage between its two end - when the cell is connected to an electrical circuit, a current flows through the cell and the components of the circuit

84
Q

When will a chemical cell stop working?

A

When one of the reactants get used up - the cell “goes flat” and can’t provide a voltage

85
Q

What is a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

A

A fuel cell produces electricity through a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen - without combustion happening

86
Q

What happens in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

A

Hydrogen reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction to produce water vapour

87
Q

What are the 2 overall reactions that happens in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell?

A

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) —> 2H2O (g)

4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e- —> 2H2O (g)

88
Q

What happens to the reactions inside a fuel cell?

A

They are separated into 2 reactions - one on each side of the cell

89
Q

What happens to the hydrogen on 1 side of a fuel cell?

A

Hydrogen molecules lose electrons and become hydrogen ions.

90
Q

What is the equation for the following statement - Hydrogen molecules lose electrons and become hydrogen ions?

A

2H2 (g) —> 4H+ (aq) + 4e-

91
Q

How does the hydrogen of one side travel to the other side of a fuel cell?

A

Hydrogen ions pass through a ‘proton exchange membrane’ to the other side
Electrons travel through the external circuit to the other side

92
Q

What is the equation for the following statement - hydrogen ions combine with oxygen and electrons to form water vapour?

A

4H+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4e- —> 2H2O (g)

93
Q

What happens to the oxygen at the other side of a fuel cell?

A

Hydrogen ions combine with oxygen and electrons at the other side to form water vapour

Chemistry (8 decks)

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