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Chemistry > C2 > Flashcards

C2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of an atom?

A

The mean mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of a Carbon -12 atom

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2
Q

What does the chemical formula tell you?

A

How many atoms of each element there are in a unit of substance

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3
Q

What is the relative formula mass?

A

The mean mass of a unit of substance compared to 1/12 the mass of a Carbon-12 arom

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4
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of each of the atoms of each element in a compound

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5
Q

What is a “pure” substance?

A

A substances that consists of just one element or compound

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6
Q

How can the melting point be used to determine purity of a substance?

A

The greater the difference between the measured melting point and it’s accepted melting point, the lower the purity is likely to be

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7
Q

How do you determine the melting point?

A

Heat the substance slowly
Stir the substance as it melts

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8
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that dissolves

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9
Q

What is the solvent?

A

The substance that the solute dissolves in (a liquid)

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10
Q

What is a solution?

A

When one substance dissolves in another

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11
Q

What happens when a substance dissolves?

A

Its particles Speer are and become completely mixed with the particles of the solvent

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12
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

If a substance is soluble, it means that the substance can dissolve in a solvent

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13
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

The substance cannot dissolve in a solvent

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14
Q

What is residue (during filtration)?

A

The particles that stay behind in the filter paper

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15
Q

What is the filtrate?

A

The particles of a dissolved solute that are small enough to pass through the filter paper

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16
Q

How does crystallisation work?

A

When the solvent evaporates slowly leaving the solute behind -heat too strong and you get powder

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17
Q

What is the apparatus needed for crystallisation?

A

Bunsen burner
Beaker
Tripod
Gauze
Evaporating basin

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18
Q

What are the apparatus needed for filtration?

A

Filter paper
Funnel
Conical flask

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19
Q

What does simple distillation involve?

A

Separating a solvent from a solution

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20
Q

What does simple distillation rely on?

A

The solvent having a much lower boiling point that the solute

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21
Q

What happens during simple distillation?

A

Solution is heated
Solvent boils, solute does not
Solvent escapes from solution in gas state
Cooled and condensed back into a liquid by a condenser
Collected in a test tube

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22
Q

Why is simple distillation useful?

A

You can purify a solvent with it

23
Q

What is the apparatus needed for simple distillation?

A

Round bottom flask
Bung
Thermometer
Test tube
Condenser - cooling water above

24
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

A

To separate two or more substances in the liquid state

25
What does fractional distillation rely on?
On each substance having a different boiling point
26
What is the apparatus needed for fractional distillation?
Round bottom flask Fractionating column Thermometer Condenser (cooling water in bottom) A beaker
27
How does the fractionating column improve separation of the mixture?
It has a large surface area on which the vapours can continually condense
28
What is a stationary phase?
The substance that doesn’t move
29
What is the mobile phase?
The substance that moves
30
What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?
Absorbent paper
31
What is the mobile phase in paper chromatography?
Solvent in the liquid state such as water or propanone
32
What is the stationary phase in TLC?
A thin layer of silica/alumina powder spread over a plate of glass or plastic
33
What is the mobile phase in TLC?
A solvent in the liquid state, such as water or propanone (same as paper chromatography)
34
What is the apparatus needed for TLC?
Lid TLC plate Tank Solvent Sample
35
What is the stationary phase in gas chromatography?
Silica or alumina powder packed into a metal column
36
What is the mobile phase in gas chromatography!
An unreactive carrier gas such as nitrogen that doesn’t react with the sample
37
What is the formula for Rf value?
Distance travelled by substance ——————————————— Distance travelled by solvent
38
What happens to the sample during gas chromatography?
It turns into a gas when injected and the carrier gas pushes it through the column - the components take different times to trawl dependent on how strongly they bond to the stationary phase
39
How does the computer produce a chromatogram in gas chromatography?
A detector sends a signal to the computer as each component leaves the column
40
What are the peaks plotted against in a chromatogram?
Travel time
41
How would a substance travel UP the plate/paper further in chromatography?
If it forms STRONGER bonds with the MOBILE phase rather than the stationary phase
42
Why might a substance NOT travel UP the plate/paper as much in chromatography?
If it forms STRONGER bonds with the STATIONARY phase rather than the mobile phase
43
Why is TLC better than paper chromatography?
It’s faster More sensitive so a smaller sample can be used Larger range of stationary phases and solvents to choose from
44
How would you separate soluble and insoluble substances?
Dissolving followed by filtration
45
How you one separate a solute dissolved in a solvent (solution)?
Crystallisation to obtain solute Distillation (simple) to obtain solvent
46
How would one separate 2 or more substances in the liquid state?
Fractional distillation
47
How would one separate coloured soluble substances?
Paper chromatography or TLC
48
What are the physical properties of metal elements?
Shiny High melting/boiling point Solid at room temp Malleable (when solid) Ductile (when solid) Good thermal and electrical conductors
49
What are the physical properties for non-metals?
Dull Low melting/boiling point Half solid, half gas at room temp Brittle Non-ductile Insulators
50
What are the chemical properties of metals?
They lose electrons to form positive ions Do not react with each other (mix to form alloys)
51
What are the chemical properties of non-metals?
Gain electrons to form negative ions React with each other to produce compounds
52
What happens when a metal oxide is dissolved in water?
It produces an alkaline solution
53
What happens if non-metal oxides are dissolved in water?
It produces an acidic solution
54
What is an ion?
An electrically charged particle formed when an atom or group of atoms lose or gain electrons

Chemistry (8 decks)

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