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Chemistry > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a particle?

A

A tiny bit of matter

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2
Q

What is the particle model?

A

A model that describes how particles move in solids, liquids and gases

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3
Q

Describe the particle model of a solid?

A

Particles are in a REGULAR arrangement with the relative distance between particles being VERY CLOSE. The particles only VIBRATE AROUND FIXED POSITIONS.

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4
Q

Describe the particle model of a liquid?

A

The particles are arranged RANDOMLY with the relative distance between particles being CLOSED and the particles MOVE AROUND EACH OTHER

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5
Q

Describe the particle model of gases

A

The particles are in a RANDOM arrangement with the particles being FAR APART from each other and they MOVE QUICKLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS

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6
Q

What does a particle model explain?

A

You can’t compress a solid
A solid has a fixed shape and cannot flow

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7
Q

What is a physical change?

A

When a substance changes state, shape or breaks and no new substances are made - it is easily reversible

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8
Q

What are examples of physical changes?

A

Freezing juice to make an ice lolly
Mixing sand with water
Dissolving sugar in water

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9
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Produces one or more new substances and are extremely difficult to reverse

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10
Q

What are examples of chemical changes?

A

Cooking eggs and cake etc…
Steel rusting
An acid reading with an alkali to make a salt and water

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11
Q

What happens to particles in a physical change?

A

The particles move around each other and the arrangement of the particles change

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12
Q

What happens to particles in a chemical change?

A

Particles break up and join together in different ways - new substances are made

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13
Q

What is the diameter of a helium atom?

A

62 x 10^-12 M

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14
Q

What are electrostatic forces?

A

Attractive forces between positive and negative charges - they become weaker the further apart the particles are

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15
Q

What are the limitations of the particle model?

A

Forces between particles
Size of the particles
Space between the particles

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16
Q

What is an atom (relative to elements)?

A

The smallest particle of an element that still has its chemical properties

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17
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined together by attractive forces called chemical bonds

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18
Q

What is 1 nanometre?

A

1x10^-9 M

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19
Q

What is the bond length of an atom?

A

The distance between the centres of two joined atoms

20
Q

How is the size of an atom given?

A

By its atomic radius

21
Q

What is inside an atoms?

A

Mainly empty space but it contains 3 types of subatomic particles

22
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

A

Protons and neutrons joined together as the nucleus
Electrons surrounding the nucleus in shells

23
Q

What is the relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles?

A

Sub particle Relative mass Relative charge
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0.0005 -1

24
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number at the bottom (smaller number) which gives the number of electrons/protons

25
What is the mass number?
The top number (larger number) of an element which shows the total number of protons and neutrons
26
What are isotopes?
Different atomic forms of the same element, they have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
27
What is the mean distance between atoms?
-3.4 x 10^-9
28
What is the diameter on an atom?
-6.2 x 10^-11
29
What is the formula for ratio of distance to diameter?
Distance between atoms ———————————— Diameter of atom
30
Why does a solid have a fixed shape rather than a liquid?
The solid has stronger intermolecular forces between particles than a liquid
31
What is 1nm?
1 x 10^-9m
32
What are the typical atomic diameters and bonds lengths?
1 x 10^-10m
33
What is inside an atom?
Mainly empty space that contains negatively charged electrons, electrically neutral neutrons and positively charged protons
34
What are ions?
Charged particles in which atoms have lost or gained electrons
35
What did John Dalton suggest?
The atom was an impenetrable sphere All matter is made from atoms All atoms of an element are identical Different elements contain different types of atoms
36
When did John Dalton perform his discovery of his version of the atom?
1803
37
What did J.J. Thompson suggest about the plum?
The plum pudding model - positive, penetrable sphere with negative electrons in it Atoms contained electrons Atoms are neutral overall
38
How did J.J. Thompson come to his conclusion of the plum pudding model?
He found that beans of cathode rays changed direction in electric and magnetic fields
39
When did J.J. Thompson make his discovery of the atom?
1897
40
Who did Ernest Rutherford work with?
Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden
41
How did Ernest Rutherford and his assistants come to his conclusion of the atom?
They fired beams of positively charged particles (alpha particles) at thin, gold foil It was meant to go straight through but many changed direction slightly and some bounced back
42
What did Ernest Rutherford and his assistant deduct from their experiment?
The atom has a positively charged nucleus containing most of its mass Outside the nucleus were electrons that orbit around the nucleus
43
What did Neil’s Bohr suggest about the atom?
He showed that electrons occupy fixed energy level or shells around the nucleus
44
How did Neils Bohr come to his conclusion of the atom?
He realised the electrons would be attracted to the nucleus and would spiral inwards. He used mathematical models to improve the model of the atom
45
When did Rutherford determine his model of the atom?
1909
46
When did Bohr determine his model of the atom?
1913
47
What was the order of scientists who worked on the atom?
John Dalton - penetrable sphere J.J. Thompson - plum pudding model Ernest Rutherford - alpha particle experiment Niels Bohr - electron energy shells

Chemistry (8 decks)

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