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Chemistry > C6 > Flashcards

C6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does saturated mean

A

No more double bonds- nothing new can be bonded to the monomer

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2
Q

what is a homologous serise

A

a collection of compounds with the same general formula that differ only in the carbon chain length. they share similar properites that change gradually throughout the serise.

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3
Q

Are alkenes saturated

A

No they have double bonds

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4
Q

Are alkanes saturated

A

Yes they have no double bonds

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5
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

C nH 2n

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes

A

C nH 2n+2

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7
Q

How to you work out the name of a carboxylic acid

A

The name for alkanes, but the ‘e’ at the end is replaced with ‘oic acid’.

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8
Q

What type of acids are carboxylic acids

A

Weak acids

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9
Q

What does this equation show
C3H7COOH ⇌ C3H7COO- + H+

A

The ionisation of a carboxylic acid

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10
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

C nH 2n+1COOH

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11
Q

What does butanoic acid ionise into

A

A butanoate ion and a hydrogen ion.

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12
Q

How are carboxylic acids formed

A

Carboxylic acids are made from oxidising an alcohol with an oxidising agent.

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13
Q

What is the functional group in alcohols

A

OH ion

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14
Q

What is a functional group

A

A particular group of atoms which are responsible for how the molecule reacts.

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15
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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16
Q

How do you create the name for an alcohol?

A

An alkanes except the ‘e’ at the end is replaced by an ‘ol.

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17
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A
  • They are soluble
  • They are flammable
  • They can be oxidised to carboxylic acids
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18
Q

What is the Ph of Alcohols

A

7- they are neither basic or acidic

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19
Q

What are some uses of alcohols?

A
  • As a solvent in industry
  • As a fuel
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20
Q

As the chain length (number of carbon atoms) of alkanes increases, they become

physical properites

A
  • more viscous
  • less volatile
  • less flammable
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21
Q

Increasing the chain length (number of carbons) of alkanes leads to:

melting and boiling points

A
  • higher boiling points
  • higher melting point
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22
Q

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen ➔ carbon dioxide + water

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23
Q

Is combustion an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

Exothermic

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24
Q

During a combustion reaction, are carbon and hydrogen oxidised or reduced?

A

oxidised

Carbon (C) becomes CO2, whilst hydrogen (H2) becomes H2O. Both have gain

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25
Q

when balancing combustion of a hydrocarbon what should you do if the oxygens are an odd number

C4H10 + ? O2 ➔ 4CO2 + 5H2O

E.g

A

double everything

Now everything is balanced with a whole number of molecules!

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26
Q

What is an Isomers?

A

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas, this means they are made of the same atoms, but the atoms are arranged differently.

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27
Q

Organic chemistry is about molecules that contain which element?

A

Carbon

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28
Q

How do you tell if a molecule is a hydrocarbon

A

It only contains Hydrogen and Carbon

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29
Q

Are alkanes homologous

A

Yes, Alkanes are a homologous series of molecules

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30
Q

What are alkanes made of

A
  • Only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • Only single bonds (alkanes have no double bonds).
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31
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

one carbon

A

Meth-

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32
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

two carbons

A

Eth-

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33
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

three carbons

A

Prop-

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34
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

four carbons

A

But-

35
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

five carbons

A

Pent-

36
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

six carbons

A

Hex-

37
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

seven carbons

A

Hept-

38
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

eight carbons

A

Oct-

39
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

nine carbons

A

Non-

40
Q

pre fixes for homologous serise

Ten carbons

A

Dec-

41
Q

How many hydrogen atoms are there in an alkane with 5 carbon atoms?

A

12 Hydrodens

(5 x 2)+2

42
Q

What bonds are in alkanes

A

Only single convlent

43
Q

Properties of short alkane chains

A
  • lower melting and boiling points
  • more volite
  • more flammable
44
Q

What is the reacant of cracking

A

Longer hydrocarbons

45
Q

What is cracking

A

Cracking is the process in which larger chain hydrocarbons are split into smaller chains

46
Q

Why is cracking helpful

A

longer and less reactive chains are split into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons.

47
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

48
Q

Describe the process of cracking

A
  • First, some long chain alkanes are heated until they vaporise into a gas
  • Then they’re passed over a hot catalyst
  • This breaks the long chain alkanes into a shorter chain alkane and an alkene
49
Q

What are the products of Cracking

A

A shorter alkane and a alkene

50
Q

What is the diffent in steam cracking from catalytic cracking

A

No catylist is involved so the the tempuratures are much higher

51
Q

What is the product of the haber process

A

Ammonia (NH3)

52
Q

What are the reactants of the haber process

A

Nitrogen and Hydrogen

53
Q

Word equation of the haber process

A

nitrogen + hydrogen ➔ ammonia

54
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for the haber process

A

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

55
Q

Is the Haber process an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

Exothermix

56
Q

Why is ammonia so important?

A

It is used in fertilisers

57
Q

Ammonia formula

A

NH3

58
Q

What metal acts as a catylist in the haber process

A

Iron

59
Q

What does the ‘⇌’ symbol mean in a chemical equation?

A

The reaction is reversable

60
Q

What tempurature is used in the haber process

A

450°C

61
Q

What pressure is used in the haber proccess

atomsphere

A

200 atmospheres

62
Q

What are the steps of the haber process

A
  • Pass Hydrogen and Nitrogen Gases over iron (at 450degrees and 200 atmospheres)
  • Some of the reactants will from ammoium and some of the ammioum will revert back to the reactants
  • The remaining ammionia is cooled to a liquid then collected
  • The left over reactants are recyled in the process
63
Q

What are the differences between the lab and industrial process for the haber process

A

The lab process:
- aqeous solution and tirtration equipment used
- Batch process ( exact amounts made)
Industrial process
- Gases and iron catylst used
- Continuos process

64
Q

What is a feritlizer

A

A substance that is applied to soil, in order to supply plants with nutrients.

65
Q

What is a histroical fertiilzer

A

Cow poo

66
Q

What is NPK fertilisers

A

Nitrogen Phosphours and Potassium ferilizers

67
Q

What is the formula for sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4(aq

68
Q

What are the raw materials required to make sulfuric acid

A
  • Sulfur
  • Air
  • Water
69
Q

What uses does sulfuric acid have?

A
  • Mainly ferilizers
  • Detergent
  • Paints/ dyes
  • Plastics
70
Q

How is sulfuric acid used in fertilizers

A

Its reacted with ammonium to make ammonium sulfate
Ammonium + sulfuric acid → ammonium sulfate

71
Q

What is the contact process

A

A process which involves a reversible reaction close reversible reaction.

72
Q

What is the first stage of creating sulfuric acid

A

Sulfur is burned in the air to produce sulfur dioxide
Sulfur + Oxygen →Sulfur dioxide
This reaction is not reversable

73
Q

What are the dangers of sulfur dioxide

A

It cannot be realsed into the atmosphere because it can cause acid rain.

74
Q

What is the second stage of making sulfuric acid

A

Sulfur dioxide is reacted with more oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide
sulfur dioxide + oxygen ⇌ sulfur trioxide
The reaction is reversable and the forward reaction is exothermic

75
Q

What conditions are used when making sulfur trioxide in the production of sulfuric acid

A
  • a catalyst of vanadium(V) oxide
  • a temperature of around 450°C
  • a pressure of approximately 2 atmospheres
76
Q

What are the dangers of producing sulfur trioxide

A
  • If the pressure is to high an explotion can occour so the pressure is kept at 2 atmospheres
77
Q

What happens in the second stage of the production of sulfuric acid

A

Sulfur trioxide is reacted with water to make sulfruic acid
sulfur trioxide + water → sulfuric acid
This is not a reversible reaction, just like the first stage and sulfuric acid is in an aqeuos.

78
Q

What are the dangerous of adding water to sulfur trioxide

A
  • Its highly exothermic
  • Sulfuric acid clouds can form
79
Q

What are the characteristics of products that come out of the top in fractional distilation

A
  • short carbon chains
  • low viscosity
  • low boiling poing
  • burn easliy
80
Q

What are the characteristics of products that come out of the bottom in fractional distilation

A
  • Long carbon chains
  • High viscosity
  • High boiling point
  • Harder to burn
81
Q

What comes out the bottom in fractional distillation

A

Bitumen
- comes out in liquid form

82
Q

Why do short carbon chains come out of the top in fractional distillation

A

They have less intermolecular forces inbetween chains so they are easier to separate

83
Q

Why do long carbon chains come out of the bottom in fractional distillation

A

They have more intermolecular forces inbetween chains so they are harder to separate

84
Q
A

Chemistry (6 decks)

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