C6 Flashcards
True or False: Properly
managed and utilized agricultural wastes are a natural
resource that can produce economic returns.
True
primary objective of applying agricultural waste to
land
recycle part of the plant nutrients contained
in the waste material into harvestable plant forage,
fruit, or dry matter.
The
chemical compounds derived from waste material can
be transformed by the following processes:
- Absorbed by the roots and assimilated by the
plant - Degraded by soil micro-organisms and become
a part of the soil organic component, or broken
down further into a gas, ion, or water - Fixed to soil minerals or attached to soil ex-
change sites - Solubilized and moved with runoff water.
- Moved with eroded mineral or organic material
- Leached downward through the soil toward the
ground water - Escaped from plant tissue into the atmosphere
classic example of nutrient trans-
formation where microbial degradation and eventual
escape of nitrogen gas occurs.
Denitrification
absorb nutrients
and water from the soil.
Roots
Plant growth can require up to __ chemical elements.
20
Ehat are the 20 chemical elements
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
sulfur, calcium, and magnesium,Boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, silicon, sodium, vanadium, and zinc
Micronutrient or trace element
Boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, silicon, sodium, vanadium, and zinc
Macronutrients
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
sulfur, calcium, and magnesium
element that most often limits plant
growth
Nitrogen
important for plant growth because of
its role in ribonucleic acid (RNA), the plant cells
genetic material, and its function in energy transfer
with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Phosphorus
Two nonessential elements of primary concern in
municipal sludge
Lead
Cadmium
This disease is marked by an increase of
protein content in the urine.
Proteinuria
Synthetic organic compounds present in many sludges
Polychlorinated biphenyls
lack of plant nutrients in an
available form for uptake can cause
deficiency in
plants,
excess of plant nutrients can cause___
Toxicity
Chlorotic and necrotic leaf tips, interveinal chlorosis in new leaves, Cereals and spinach.
retarded growth of entire plant, injured roots resemble barbed wire.
Zinc
Dark green leaves, wilting of older leaves, stunted foliage, (No information.)
and brown short roots.
Lead (Pb)
Overall stunting, dark green leaves, purpling of stems, Cereals.
death of leaf tips, and coralloid and damaged root system.
Aluminum
Dark green foliage, stunted growth of tops and roots, dark brown Rice and tobacco.
to purple leaves of some plants (“bronzing” disease of rice).
Iron (Fe)
Red-brown necrotic spots on old leaves, yellowing and (No information.)
browning of roots, depressed tillering.
Arsenic(As)
Margin or leaf tip chlorosis, browning of leaf points, decaying Cereals, potatoes, tomatoes,
growing points, and wilting and dying-off of older leaves.
Boron, B
Brown margin of leaves, chlorosis, reddish veins and petioles, Legumes (bean, soybean), spinach
curled leaves, and brown stunted roots.
Cadmium, Cd
Interveinal chlorosis in new leaves followed by induced Fe chlorosis (No information.)
and white leaf margins and tips, and damaged root tips.
Cobalt, Co
