C.3 Peaceful Coexistence? Krushchev, Eisenhower and Dulles

Question 1

Peaceful Coexistence

Answer 1

• idea revealed at the twentieth century party conference, 1956
• policy suggested long term cooperation
• it was a break from Stalinist thinking that war with capitalism was inevitable
• more money could be put into raising living standards

Question 2

De Stalinization

Answer 2

• Krushchev wanted to move away from the policies of Stalin
• launched de stalinization in the ‘secret speech’ in 1956
• a blow to the foundations of communism and provoked rebellions in Poland and Hungary

Question 3

Nikita Krushchev

Answer 3

-established leader of Soviet Union by summer 1957
-delievered ‘secret speech’ (1956)
-supported of de stalinisation
put forward concept of peaceful coexistence
-adopted softer tone towards west
-however, he made threats when Soviet power was threatened–language was often colourful and undiplomatic

Question 4

Malenkov’s New Course

Answer 4

• recognised a hard line approach to west wouldn’t work
• thought that demise of capitalism was inevitable
• Krushchev developed the New Course ito peaceful coexistence
• thought that money could be transferred from arms and heavy industry to living standards and consumer goods

Question 5

Soviet Withdrawal from Finland

Answer 5

• in 1947, Finland had signed the Finnish-Soviet Peace Treaty which meant they lost the Porkkala region to the USSR
• in 1955, Khrushchev wanted to withdraw from the region
• it was returned to Finland in 1956

Question 6

The Austria-State Treaty

Answer 6

• 1945, Austria has been divided into zones of occupation
• 1954, Khrushchev decided that neutrality would be better than division
• 1955, Austrian Stat Treaty agreed. US and USSR would withdraw troops in return for assured neutrality from Austria

Question 7

New Look

Answer 7

• Eisenhower wanted to roll back advances of communism abroad
• devised primarily by John Foster Dulles, proposed use of nuclear weapons and new technology

Question 8

Limits of Massive Retaliation

Answer 8

• left Eisenhower without any options but nuclear war to combat soviet aggression
• in 1956, during the hungarian uprising, America didn’t give assistance as Eisenhower couldn’t risk nuclear war

Question 9

Covert Operations

Answer 9

-Eisenhower employed the CIA to tackle communism in developing countries

Question 10

Iran and Guatemala

Answer 10

• 1953
• Eisenhower and Dulles brothers authorised a coup in Iran when Iranian government seized control of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
• CIA operatives convinced military leaders to overthrow Mossadegh-Iranian prime minister and soviet friendly-and restore Pahlavi
• Pahlavi returned control of Anglo-Iranian to British, and signed agreements to supply US with half of oil drilled in Iran
• similar coup over agricultural rights in guatemala