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c3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of Evolutionary change

A

Mutation, Gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

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2
Q

changes not just on the gene but also in biomolecule components causing them to mutate chemically

A

mutation

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3
Q

movement of one representative organism carrying a specific gene

A

gene flow

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4
Q

isolation of certain populations from an entire population of organism which cause change in gene frequency

A

genetic drift

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5
Q

most common mechanism; happens on a natural habitat affected by habitats, habits, relationship with other organisms or population

A

natural selection

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6
Q

changes in DNA which could affect subsequent translation , transcription in central dogma (change in information of cell)

A

mutation

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7
Q

hereditary material of life that carries genetic information from gen to gen

A

DNA

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8
Q

types of mutation

A

germline mutation
somatic mutation

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9
Q

This gene mutation is a substitution of a single base

A

point mutation

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10
Q

type of point mutation where it has no effect on protein sequence; substitution in the 3rd base

A

silent

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11
Q

type of point mutation where it results in an amino acid substitution; substitution in 2nd base

A

Misense

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12
Q

substituted a stop codon for an amino acid; single base subs but yield stop codon

A

nonsense

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13
Q

Gene mutation where there is insertion/deletion of one or more bases

A

Frameshift mutation

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14
Q

DNA template ready by mRNA and RNA in 3 bases; reading is not selective; shift in reading of mRNA and RNa

A

Frameshift mutation

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15
Q

In frameshift mutation, one or more bases are added/deleted in DNA sequence causing the reading frame to ____ which results in ____ and ________.

A

shift; shortened; non functional protein sequence

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16
Q

chromosome mutation

the chromosome structure become influenced by:
1. change in amount of genetic information in chromosome because of:
_______
_______

  1. similar amount of genetic information but the materials are rearranged
    ______
    ______
A
  1. Deletion
    Duplication
  2. Inversion
    Translocation
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17
Q

Example of
Deletion:
Duplication:

A

Deletion: Cri du chat
Duplication: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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18
Q

change in number of chromosome

A

Genome mutation

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19
Q

-deletion/addition of 1 chromosome
-selective ang pag dagdag
more common in humans
Monosomy and trisomy

A

Aneuploidy

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20
Q

-addition of sets of chromosome
lahat nadadagdagan
rare in humans

A

polyploidy

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21
Q

A ______ can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the _______

A

single mutation
accumulation of many mutations

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22
Q

T or F

1.Mutations are non random
2.Not all mutations matter to evolution

A

1.F
2.T

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23
Q

2 causes of mutations

A
  1. DNA fails to copy accurately
  2. external influences
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24
Q

Any movement of individuals in a population to another population; any movement of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry from one population to another; gene migration

A

gene flow

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25
Gene flow affect evolution by ____
introducing a new gene
26
2 types of gene flow
Vertical gene transfer horizontal gene transfer
27
A type of gene flow where it involves two population of same species; mediated by reproduction;
Vertical gene transfer
28
A type of gene flow where it involves two different species; known as lateral gene transfer; decreases
horizontal gene transfer
29
1. increases genetic variation of population 2.genetic differences between two different species
1.Vertical gene transfer 2.horizontal gene transfer
30
Restrictions of gene flow
- physical barriers - incompatible reproduction behaviors
31
- allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance or sampling error
genetic drift
32
drift ultimately to the entire population, becoming their original ancestor of that population; reduce in variation of gene since other gene variations are wiped out
Bottleneck effect
33
migration from parent population to another; drifted apart; a new colony is formed from a few members of the population
founder effect
34
genetic drift results
loss of some alleles fixation
35
what drives evolution?
natural selection
36
conditions for natural selection to occur
variation competition adaptations selection
37
this condition happens when organism inherit characteristics from both of their parents and each person gets a different combination of features
variation/ inherited variatioin
38
changes in characteristics of organisms as affected by their surrounding
environmental variation
39
develop from 2 sets of egg and sperm same sex or one of each inherited variation is applicable
fraternal twins
40
develop from same egg and sperm same sex 99.9 % identical 1%variation
identical twins
41
-product of overpopulation -there is struggle for survival -interaction between different species over a limiting resource that negatively affects their population growth rates
competition
42
the capacity of the environment to provide for the needs of every organism present in the area
carrying capacity
43
evolutionary effect of competition
character displacement
44
types of competition based on taxonomical relationship
-interspecific intraspecific
45
this competition happens within one population same organism fighting on a limited resource; more on sexual
intraspecific competition
46
this competition happens to several population fighting over a limited resource; different species competing for same resources
interspecific competition
47
__________ competition leads to reduction in the population of the _____species, whereas _____species survive and continue to reproduce. it also regulates ecological communities and acts as an agent of natural selection
interspecific; weaker; stronger
48
types of competition based on influence
1. direct 2. indirect
49
-interaction where species living in ecosystem directly influence each other by affecting the availability of resources in ecosystem
direct competition
50
-form of competition when species influence the availability of resources indirectly. species involved usually exist in different ______
indirect competition ecological niches
51
types of competition based on mechanism
-interference competition -exploitative competition -apparent competition
52
-competing individuals directly influence the process of foraging, reproduction of others, or prevent the establishment of the species in an environment -involves fighting steaking, and killing among species
-interference competition
53
-indirect competition where species are connected by a common limiting resource that act as an intermediate -common source can be space, water, other similar resources
exploitative competition
54
-indirect competition where both competing species are preyed upon by the same predator
-apparent competition
55
two closely related species tend to be more distinct when they are sympatric than when they are allopatric
character displacement
56
the adjustment of organism to their environment in order to improve their chances of survival
adaptations
57
feature of an organisms body that helps it to survive/reproduce
structural adaptation
58
responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce
behavioral adaptation
59
responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce but more one enzymes or chemical
physiological adaptation
60
physical resemblance of two or more species resulting from inherent advantages of similar appearance
mimicry
61
imitative species is called the ______ species it resembles is called the ____
mimic model
62
benign species resembles a noxious/dangerous one
batesian mimicry
63
avoidance response that other species developed is reinforced when many species share the same aposematic coloration sometimes several noxious species come to resemble each other
mullerian mimicry
64
mimicry in which noxious/dangerous species resembles a benign one
aggressive
65
is a process when organisms are subjected against with causing change in allele frequency/gene pool if they are able to survive and reproduce
selection
66
environmental pressures lead to differential reproduction within a population, hence resulting in __
selection of traits
67
______ traits would become prevalent in future populations/species
surviving
68
selection acts at a level of the individual and selects for individuals with greater contributions to the gene pool of the next gene
evolutionary fitness
69
the contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.
relative fitness
70
name 5 types of selection
directional disruptive stabilizing sexual frequency dependent selection
71
-selection against one extreme -mode of selection in which a single phenotype is favored -allele frequency continuously shift in one direction> extreme one
directional selection
72
-mode of selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values -average or intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than either extreme phenotype and are unlikely to feature prominently in a population
disruptive selection
73
-mode of selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value. favors average phenotype and against extreme variations
stabilizing
74
evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotypes is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population favors phenotypes that are either common or rare
frequency-dependent selection
75
-selects for common phenotypes in a population and decreases genetic variance
positive frequency-dependent selection
76
selects for rare phenotypes in a popylation and increase genetic variation
negative frequency-dependent selection
77
selection pressure on males and females to obtain mates, can result in traits designed to maximize sexual success
sexual selection
78
after results in the development of secondary sexual characteristics which help to maximize a species' reproductive success but do not provide any survival benefits
handicap principle
79
two types of sexual selection
intrasexual intersexual
80
- competition between members of the same sex/ between members of same sex -more on fight -male-male competition
intrasexual selection
81
-members of one sex (usually females) chose members of opposite sex -between two sexes -more on grooming, pattern, coloration -male choice or female choice male compete each other to be chosen by females
intersexual selection

evol bio (5 decks)

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