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c3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mechanisms of Evolutionary change

A

Mutation, Gene flow, genetic drift, natural selection

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2
Q

changes not just on the gene but also in biomolecule components causing them to mutate chemically

A

mutation

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3
Q

movement of one representative organism carrying a specific gene

A

gene flow

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4
Q

isolation of certain populations from an entire population of organism which cause change in gene frequency

A

genetic drift

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5
Q

most common mechanism; happens on a natural habitat affected by habitats, habits, relationship with other organisms or population

A

natural selection

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6
Q

changes in DNA which could affect subsequent translation , transcription in central dogma (change in information of cell)

A

mutation

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7
Q

hereditary material of life that carries genetic information from gen to gen

A

DNA

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8
Q

types of mutation

A

germline mutation
somatic mutation

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9
Q

This gene mutation is a substitution of a single base

A

point mutation

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10
Q

type of point mutation where it has no effect on protein sequence; substitution in the 3rd base

A

silent

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11
Q

type of point mutation where it results in an amino acid substitution; substitution in 2nd base

A

Misense

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12
Q

substituted a stop codon for an amino acid; single base subs but yield stop codon

A

nonsense

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13
Q

Gene mutation where there is insertion/deletion of one or more bases

A

Frameshift mutation

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14
Q

DNA template ready by mRNA and RNA in 3 bases; reading is not selective; shift in reading of mRNA and RNa

A

Frameshift mutation

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15
Q

In frameshift mutation, one or more bases are added/deleted in DNA sequence causing the reading frame to ____ which results in ____ and ________.

A

shift; shortened; non functional protein sequence

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16
Q

chromosome mutation

the chromosome structure become influenced by:
1. change in amount of genetic information in chromosome because of:
_______
_______

  1. similar amount of genetic information but the materials are rearranged
    ______
    ______
A
  1. Deletion
    Duplication
  2. Inversion
    Translocation
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17
Q

Example of
Deletion:
Duplication:

A

Deletion: Cri du chat
Duplication: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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18
Q

change in number of chromosome

A

Genome mutation

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19
Q

-deletion/addition of 1 chromosome
-selective ang pag dagdag
more common in humans
Monosomy and trisomy

A

Aneuploidy

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20
Q

-addition of sets of chromosome
lahat nadadagdagan
rare in humans

A

polyploidy

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21
Q

A ______ can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the _______

A

single mutation
accumulation of many mutations

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22
Q

T or F

1.Mutations are non random
2.Not all mutations matter to evolution

A

1.F
2.T

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23
Q

2 causes of mutations

A
  1. DNA fails to copy accurately
  2. external influences
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24
Q

Any movement of individuals in a population to another population; any movement of individuals and/or the genetic material they carry from one population to another; gene migration

A

gene flow

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25
Q

Gene flow affect evolution by ____

A

introducing a new gene

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26
Q

2 types of gene flow

A

Vertical gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer

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27
Q

A type of gene flow where it involves two population of same species; mediated by reproduction;

A

Vertical gene transfer

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28
Q

A type of gene flow where it involves two different species; known as lateral gene transfer; decreases

A

horizontal gene transfer

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29
Q
  1. increases genetic variation of population
    2.genetic differences between two different species
A

1.Vertical gene transfer
2.horizontal gene transfer

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30
Q

Restrictions of gene flow

A
  • physical barriers
  • incompatible reproduction behaviors
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31
Q
  • allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance or sampling error
A

genetic drift

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32
Q

drift ultimately to the entire population, becoming their original ancestor of that population; reduce in variation of gene since other gene variations are wiped out

A

Bottleneck effect

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33
Q

migration from parent population to another; drifted apart; a new colony is formed from a few members of the population

A

founder effect

34
Q

genetic drift results

A

loss of some alleles
fixation

35
Q

what drives evolution?

A

natural selection

36
Q

conditions for natural selection to occur

A

variation
competition
adaptations
selection

37
Q

this condition happens when organism inherit characteristics from both of their parents and each person gets a different combination of features

A

variation/ inherited variatioin

38
Q

changes in characteristics of organisms as affected by their surrounding

A

environmental variation

39
Q

develop from 2 sets of egg and sperm
same sex or one of each
inherited variation is applicable

A

fraternal twins

40
Q

develop from same egg and sperm
same sex
99.9 % identical 1%variation

A

identical twins

41
Q

-product of overpopulation
-there is struggle for survival
-interaction between different species over a limiting resource that negatively affects their population growth rates

A

competition

42
Q

the capacity of the environment to provide for the needs of every organism present in the area

A

carrying capacity

43
Q

evolutionary effect of competition

A

character displacement

44
Q

types of competition based on taxonomical relationship

A

-interspecific
intraspecific

45
Q

this competition happens within one population same organism fighting on a limited resource; more on sexual

A

intraspecific competition

46
Q

this competition happens to several population fighting over a limited resource; different species competing for same resources

A

interspecific competition

47
Q

__________ competition leads to reduction in the population of the _____species, whereas _____species survive and continue to reproduce.

it also regulates ecological communities and acts as an agent of natural selection

A

interspecific; weaker; stronger

48
Q

types of competition based on influence

A
  1. direct
  2. indirect
49
Q

-interaction where species living in ecosystem directly influence each other by affecting the availability of resources in ecosystem

A

direct competition

50
Q

-form of competition when species influence the availability of resources indirectly.

species involved usually exist in different ______

A

indirect competition
ecological niches

51
Q

types of competition based on mechanism

A

-interference competition
-exploitative competition
-apparent competition

52
Q

-competing individuals directly influence the process of foraging, reproduction of others, or prevent the establishment of the species in an environment
-involves fighting steaking, and killing among species

A

-interference competition

53
Q

-indirect competition where species are connected by a common limiting resource that act as an intermediate
-common source can be space, water, other similar resources

A

exploitative competition

54
Q

-indirect competition where both competing species are preyed upon by the same predator

A

-apparent competition

55
Q

two closely related species tend to be more distinct when they are sympatric than when they are allopatric

A

character displacement

56
Q

the adjustment of organism to their environment in order to improve their chances of survival

A

adaptations

57
Q

feature of an organisms body that helps it to survive/reproduce

A

structural adaptation

58
Q

responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce

A

behavioral adaptation

59
Q

responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce but more one enzymes or chemical

A

physiological adaptation

60
Q

physical resemblance of two or more species resulting from inherent advantages of similar appearance

A

mimicry

61
Q

imitative species is called the ______
species it resembles is called the ____

A

mimic
model

62
Q

benign species resembles a noxious/dangerous one

A

batesian mimicry

63
Q

avoidance response that other species developed is reinforced when many species share the same aposematic coloration
sometimes several noxious species come to resemble each other

A

mullerian mimicry

64
Q

mimicry in which noxious/dangerous species resembles a benign one

A

aggressive

65
Q

is a process when organisms are subjected against with causing change in allele frequency/gene pool if they are able to survive and reproduce

A

selection

66
Q

environmental pressures lead to differential reproduction within a population, hence resulting in __

A

selection of traits

67
Q

______ traits would become prevalent in future populations/species

A

surviving

68
Q

selection acts at a level of the individual and selects for individuals with greater contributions to the gene pool of the next gene

A

evolutionary fitness

69
Q

the contribution of an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

A

relative fitness

70
Q

name 5 types of selection

A

directional
disruptive
stabilizing
sexual
frequency dependent selection

71
Q

-selection against one extreme
-mode of selection in which a single phenotype is favored
-allele frequency continuously shift in one direction> extreme one

A

directional selection

72
Q

-mode of selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values
-average or intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than either extreme phenotype and are unlikely to feature prominently in a population

A

disruptive selection

73
Q

-mode of selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value.
favors average phenotype and against extreme variations

A

stabilizing

74
Q

evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotypes is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population
favors phenotypes that are either common or rare

A

frequency-dependent selection

75
Q

-selects for common phenotypes in a population and decreases genetic variance

A

positive frequency-dependent selection

76
Q

selects for rare phenotypes in a popylation and increase genetic variation

A

negative frequency-dependent selection

77
Q

selection pressure on males and females to obtain mates, can result in traits designed to maximize sexual success

A

sexual selection

78
Q

after results in the development of secondary sexual characteristics which help to maximize a species’ reproductive success but do not provide any survival benefits

A

handicap principle

79
Q

two types of sexual selection

A

intrasexual
intersexual

80
Q
  • competition between members of the same sex/ between members of same sex
    -more on fight
    -male-male competition
A

intrasexual selection

81
Q

-members of one sex (usually females) chose members of opposite sex
-between two sexes
-more on grooming, pattern, coloration
-male choice or female choice
male compete each other to be chosen by females

A

intersexual selection

evol bio (5 decks)

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