C2.2 - Bonding

Question 1

Describe the properties of metals

Answer 1

• shiny
• high melting + boiling point
• malleable
• ductile (pulled into wires)
• good conductors
• solid at room temp

Question 2

Describe the properties of non-metals, incl what state

Answer 2

• dull
• low melting + boiling points
• half are solid, half are gas at room temp
• brittle
• non-ductile
• insulators

Question 3

What are elements arranged in order of on the periodic table?

Answer 3

Atomic number (num. of protons and electrons)

Question 4

define the periodic table

Answer 4

a table in which elements are arranged in columns and periods in ascending order of atomic number

Question 5

where are metal elements placed in a periodic table?

Answer 5

on the left hand side

Question 6

where are non-metals placed on a period table?

Answer 6

on the right hand side

Question 7

what happens when metals become ions?

do metals react with each other?

Answer 7

• metals lose electrons to form ions
• metals do not react with each other (mix to form alloys)
  as they both would like to gain? electrons, so no reaction happens

Question 8

what happens when a non metal forms an ion?

can non-metals react with each other?

Answer 8

• non-metals gain electrons when forming ions

- yes, they form covalent bonds

Question 9

what kind of solutions do metal oxides produce in water?

Answer 9

alkaline solutions

Question 10

what kind of solutions do non metals form in water?

Answer 10

acidic solutions

Question 11

what is a horizontal row in the periodic table called?

Answer 11

period

Question 12

what is the column in the periodic table called?

Answer 12

group

Question 13

what are ions?

Answer 13

an ion is an electrically charged particle formed when an atom or group of atoms lose or gain electrons

Question 14

how do you represent an electron diagram?

Answer 14

draw a circle to represent each shell

Question 15

how do ionic compounds form?

Answer 15

• metal reacts with a non-metal
• electrons are transferred from the metal atoms to the non-metal atoms
• both achieve full outer shells (more stable)

Question 16

what is the structure of an ionic compound?

Answer 16

giant ionic lattice (regular arrangement of positive and negative ions)

Question 17

what are ionic bonds?

Answer 17

strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions

Question 18

what does the word ‘giant’ mean in ‘giant ionic lattices’?

Answer 18

the arrangement is repeated many times

Question 19

what does the word ‘lattice’ mean in ‘giant ionic lattice’?

Answer 19

that the arrangement is regular and not random

Question 20

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 20

a shared pair of electrons

Question 21

how do covalent bonds form?

Answer 21

when two non-metal atoms share electrons in their outer shells

Question 22

what does the intersection of a covalent bond diagram represent?

Answer 22

shared pair of electrons (bond itself)

Question 23

When drawing a covalent bond diagram, how many shells are drawn?

Answer 23

Only the outer one

Question 24

-

Answer 24

-

Question 25

what is the bonding of simple molecules like?

Answer 25

- electrostatic forces of attraction between nucleus and shared electron - covalent (electrostatic force) between atoms = strong - intermolecular forced between molecules = weak

Question 27

how is the chemical formula of a giant ionic and covalent molecules shown?

Answer 27

using the empirical formula (simplest whole number ratio of atoms)

Question 28

what are giant covalent structures?

Answer 28

- many repeating non-metal atoms joined by covalent bonds and arranged in a repeating regular pattern - called giant lattice

Question 29

``` Order the following bonds depending on how high their melting/boiling points are : Covalent Bond Inter molecular forces Ionic Metallic ```

Answer 29

H Covalent Ionic Metallic Inter Molecular Forces

Question 30

what do intermolecular forces do?

Answer 30

bonds molecules

Question 31

what is the strongest bond possible?

Answer 31

covalent bonds

Question 32

Do Giant ionic lattices have intermolecular forces, ionic bonds or covalent bonds?

Answer 32

ionic bonds

Question 33

Do Giant covalent lattices have intermolecular forces, ionic bonds or covalent bonds?

Answer 33

- ONLY covalent bonds

Question 34

compare a giant ionic structure with a giant covalent structures

Answer 34

- both are repeated in a regular pattern | - both are repeated many times

Question 35

State two limitations of ball and stick diagrams

Answer 35

- size of atoms are exaggerated - length of bonds are exaggerated - suggests that electrons that make the bonds do not move

Question 36

Describe the structure in metals

Answer 36

- forms giant metallic lattice | - regular pattern

Question 37

what is metallic bonding?

Answer 37

- electrostatic forces of attraction between | delocalised electrons + positive metal ions

Question 38

Would it be easy to represent a giant covalent structure using a dot and cross diagram?

Answer 38

no because there are many atoms (almost too many to draw)

Question 39

What force acts between metal and non-metal ions?

Answer 39

electrostatic forces (ionic bonding)

Question 40

what is a delocalised electron?

Answer 40

an electron which is free to move about between different positive metal ions (within a giant metallic lattice)

Question 41

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

Answer 41

has delocalised electrons that can move around

Question 42

why are metal alloys stronger than pure metals?

Answer 42

- the different sized atoms disrupt the regular arrangement of atoms (which stops the various layers from sliding over one another)

Question 43

how did Mendeleev arrange known elements in his periodic table?

Answer 43

- in terms of their atomic mass | - in terms of similar chemical properties

Question 44

how did Mendeleev predict the properties of unknown elements?

Answer 44

by looking at the elements around it

Question 45

how was Mendeleev’s first periodic table arranged?

Answer 45

in rows and not columns

Question 46

why did Mendeleev arrange the periodic table in terms of atomic masses?

Answer 46

because protons had not been discovered yet

Question 47

who discovered that an element’s atomic number was actually the number of protons in its nucleus?

Answer 47

Henry Moseley

Question 48

Why had Mendeleev swapped tellurium and iodine around? | and why was he correct to do so?

Answer 48

- he felt as if it ‘suited’ their chemical properties better - because tellurium had a higher number of protons to iodine (even though its mass was not)

Question 49

what was Mendeleev reluctant to believe?

Answer 49

that helium and argon were elements (because he thought that elements should be able to react with other elements - but they are inert)

Question 50

what do group 0 elements all have in common?

Answer 50

they are inert (do not react to other elements)

Question 51

do elements become more or less reactive as you go down in group 1 and 2?

Answer 51

more reactive

Question 52

do elements become more or less reactive as you go down in group 7?

Answer 52

less reactive

Question 53

is group 1 reactive?

Answer 53

VERY reactive

Question 54

is group 2 reactive?

Answer 54

yes, reactive

Question 55

is group 7 reactive?

Answer 55

VERY reactive

Question 56

is group 0 reactive?

Answer 56

no, not at all (inert)

Question 57

why are group 0 elements unreactive?

Answer 57

have complete outer shells, so they have no tendency to lose, gain, or share electrons.

Question 58

why are metals found in the left of the periodic table?

Answer 58

as they have fewer electrons in their outer shells

Question 59

Why do giant ionic lattices only have such a high boiling point?

Answer 59

as ionic bonds are very strong so a high amount of energy is needed to break them

Question 60

what are ionic bonds?

Answer 60

electrostatic forces of attraction between a non-metal and metal ion

Question 61

what bond joins monomers together to make polymers?

Answer 61

covalent bonds

Question 62

-

Answer 62

-

Question 63

what are polymers made of?

Answer 63

repeating monomers

Question 64

What evidence did Mendeleev have?

Answer 64

- the atomic weights of the known elements, similar to our modern relative atomic masses - knowledge of the chemical reactions of different elements - knowledge of physical properties, such as melting points and boiling points