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AB&SS2 > C2.1: Benign Neoplastic Diseases > Flashcards

C2.1: Benign Neoplastic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neoplasm

can they be diffuse or focal

A

abnormal tissue growth, cells proliferating at a fast rate

yes

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2
Q 
general info about benign neoplasms:
symptoms
lab tests
appearance
growth
vascularity
A 
often asymptomatic
no change in lab tests
well defined and encapsulated
slow growing
hypo or avascular
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3
Q

describe a hemangioma of the liver

A

most common benign tumor in the liver, made of many small blood capillaries

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4
Q

hemangiomas of the liver are more common in which gender

A

women - 5:1

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5
Q

can hemangiomas of the liver increase in size w/ preg or estrogen therapy (HRT)

A

yes

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6
Q

typical US appearance of hemangioma of the liver

atypical US appearance of hemangioma

A

small, usually < 3cm
hyperechoic, homogenous and well defined
no colour flow

heterogenous w/ hypo central area

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7
Q

follow up for hemangiomas of the liver

A

re-scan in 6 month and look for changes

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8
Q

how will a hemangioma appear in a fatty liver

A

hypoechoic

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9
Q

describe FNH

A

hyperplastic leison made up of normal liver tissue in an abnormal configuration… next most common after hemangioma

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10
Q

in which gender is FNH more common

why

A

women

influenced by hormones

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11
Q

US appearance of FNH

A

‘stealth leison’
< 8 cm
central scar w/ doppler flow centrally

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12
Q

what is the easiest way to detect FNH when scanning

A

look for abnorm. contour/displaced vessels

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13
Q

how will FNH look on a sulpher colloid nuch med scan

why

A

hot or warm

the kupffer cells will eat up the sulpher colloid

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14
Q

describe a liver adenoma

symptoms?

A

uncommon benign tumor, next most common after FNH

USUALLY asymp.

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15
Q

what 2 things are liver adenomas linked to

A

linked to BCPs and type 1 glycogen storage disease

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16
Q

what does type 1 glycogen storage disease cause

another name for it

A

fatty liver and liver failure due to too much glycogen

Von Gierke’s Disease

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17
Q

2 risks associated w/ liver adenomas

A

hemorrhage or infarct due to large size

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18
Q

US appearrance of a liver adenoma

A

variable- usually hyperechoic
8-15 cm
solid, single
central colour w/ doppler

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19
Q

how will an adenoma appear on a sulphur colloid scan

A

cold

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20
Q

best way to differentiate b/w FNH and adenoma

A

sulphur colloid… hard to differentiate on US

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21
Q

describe a lipoma in the liver

symptoms?

A

very rare

USUALLY asymp.

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22
Q

US appearance of liver lipoma

A

hyperechoic

very similar to hemangioma

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23
Q

what benign liver neoplasm is rare in the liver but common in the body else-where

A

lipoma

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24
Q

what other types of imaging/testing can be used to correlate w/ the finding of a benign liver neoplasm

A 
contrast CT, MRI
RBC cell scintigraphy (nuch med)
sulphur collloid
contrast US
biopsy
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25
Q

treatment for FNH

A

conservative, depends on size

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26
Q

treatment for liver adenoma

A

surgery

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27
Q

treatment for liver lipomas

A

conservative

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28
Q

are benign neoplasms of the spleen rare or common

A

rare

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29
Q

describe a cavernous hemangioma/hemangioma or the spleen

A

congenital

most common benign neoplasm of the spleen, but not commonly seen

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30
Q

US appearance of cavernous hemangioma of the spleen

A

variable

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31
Q

is US conclusive in diagnosing a cavernous hemangioma in the spleen

why

A

no, due to variable appear.

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32
Q

describe a hamartoma

US appearance

A

rare neoplasm composed of lymphoid tissue

homo, solid, echogenic

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33
Q

is a hamartoma encapsulated

A

no

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34
Q

describe a lymphangioma of the spleen

US appearance

A

rare neoplasm cause by lymphatic malformation

variable
can appear as a cystic lymphangiomyomatosis (multi-loculated cyst)

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35
Q

describe an adenoma of the GB

A

the only true neoplasm of the GB, can be pedunculated

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36
Q

US appearance of GB adenoma

A

hyperechoic and homo
<10mm
avascular

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37
Q

a GB adenoma < than what size is insignificant

A

<10mm

38
Q

describe cholesterolosis in the GB

2 types

A

accumulation of cholestrol in the GB wall

  1. cholesterolosis (strawberry GB)
  2. cholesterol polyps
39
Q

what is cholesterolosis/strawberry GB

A

multiple non shadowing masses fixed to the GB wall

40
Q

what are cholesterol polyps

A

focal form of cholesterolosis

41
Q

can polyps and adenomas of the GB be differentiated on US

A

no

42
Q

statistically, are most focal areas seen in the GB polpys or adenomas

A

polyps (65%)

43
Q

describe adenomyomatosis

can it be focal or diffuse

A

exaggeration of the RA sinuses and proliferation of the smooth muscle wall of the GB which cause cholesterol crystals to become trapped in the walls

yes

44
Q

where in the GB is adenomyomatosis most common

A

fundus

45
Q

how does adenomyomatosis effect the size of the GB wall

A

thickens it… will be >3 mm when distended

46
Q

if adenomyomatosis effects the mid part of the GB how will it look

A

hour glass

47
Q

Us appearance of adenomyomatosis

A

hyperechoic foci in the GB wall w/ comet tail artifact

48
Q

what are adenomyomas in the GB

A

focal, mass like areas of adenomyomatosis

49
Q

describe islet cell tumors

A

most common tumor of the panc

can be benign or malignant, functioning or non functioning

50
Q

Most common type of islet cell tumor

typically, are benign islet cell tumors usually functioning or non functioning

A

Functioning (85%) and benign

functioning… while most malignant ones are non functioning

51
Q

what does the term functioning refer to

A

hormone producing

52
Q

most common type of islet cell tumor….. is it benign or malignant

where is it typically located in the panc

A

insulinoma, benign

body or tail

53
Q

US appearance of islet cell tumors

A 
solid, solitary
usually hypo (larger can be slightly echogenic)
variable in size
54
Q

what does exophitic mean

A

‘sticking out’ of the organ

55
Q

describe angiomyolipomas (AML) in the kidney

A

arise from renal cortex
made up of blood vessels, muscle and fat

most common benign neoplastic mass of kidneys

56
Q

angiomyolipomas are most common in which gender and age grp

A

women

middle age

57
Q

US appearance of angiomyolipomas in the kidney

A

hyper, well defined
unilateral usually
low blood flow

58
Q

if larger, what malignancy can angiomyolipomas mimic

A

RCC

59
Q

another name for angiomyolipoma

A

renal hamartoma

called the hemangioma of the kidney

60
Q

angiomyolipomas are associated w/ which condition

how will angiomyolipomas present sonographically in these patients

A

tuberous sclerosis

bilateral and multiple angiomyolipomas

61
Q

describe tuberous sclerosis

A

fits and zits - seizures and skin growths

62
Q

if angiomyolipomas are exophitic, why can they be hard to see

A

blend in w/ renal fat

63
Q

describe adenomas/oncocytomas in the kidney

symptoms?

A
  • benign masses that present in the 6th-7t decade of life
  • they are identical, differentiated only by size

possible hematuria, pain

64
Q

size difference b/w adenomas and oncocytomas

A

Adeno: < 3 cm
onco: > 3 cm

65
Q

in which gender are adenomas/oncocytomas more common

A

males

66
Q

can adenomas/oncocytomas mimic RCC

A

yes, need biopsy to differentiate

67
Q

US appearance of adenomas/oncocytomas

A

well defined

hypo or iso

68
Q

describe an adenoma of the adrenal gland

A

arise from adrenal cortex
hyperfunctioning or non-functioning
single and unilateral usually

69
Q

are most adenoma of the adrenal gland hyper or non functioning

A

non

70
Q

symptoms/results of hyperfunctioning adenomas of the adrenal gland

A

endocrine abnormalities…

Cushings syndrome - increased cortisol
Conns disease - increased aldosterone

71
Q

US appearance of an adenoma of the adrenal gland

A

solid, round

hypo

72
Q

describe a myelolipoma of the adrenal gland

symptoms?

A

rare, non-functioning neoplasm that might arise from the zona fasciculate

can cause pain

73
Q

are myelolipomas of the adrenal gland more common in one gender

A

no

74
Q

when do myelolipomas of the adrenal gland present

A

5th - 6th decade

75
Q

US appearance of a myelolipoma of the adrenal gland

A

hyper, can blend in w/ perirenal fat
< 5 cm
propagation speed artifact

76
Q

what does ‘myelo’ mean

A

bone marrow or bone forming elements

77
Q

Describe a pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland

Symptoms

A

Hyperfunctiioning tumour of the medulla

Hypertension
Palpating
Tachycardia
Excessive sweating

78
Q

What lab tests will be evaluated w/ pheochromocytoma

A

Urinary catecholamines

79
Q

When do pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland present

Are they more common on the R or L adrenal gland

A

4th - 5th decade of life

R

80
Q

pheochromocytomas are associated w/ which conditions

A

Tuberous sclerosis

MEN syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia… can be benign or malignant)

81
Q

US appearance of pheochromocytoma

A

Solid, unilateral
Hypo
Homo or hetero
>2cm

82
Q

How can pheochromocytomas effect the panc

A

Can displace panc tail anteriorly

83
Q

Describe a Desmoid tumor in the abdo wall

Where is it located

A

Arises from c-tissue (aponeurosis or fascia) often found at a surgical or laparoscopic site

Anterior abdo wall usually

84
Q

Are Desmoid tumors associated w/ post parting

A

Yes due to C section

85
Q

Which tumors are the most common tumor of the abdo wall

A

Desmoid tumor

86
Q

Describe the growth of Desmoid tumors

A

Slow, infiltration locally

87
Q

Are Desmoid tumors more common in M or W

What age grp

A

W due to C sections

20-40

88
Q

US appearance of Desmoid tumor

A

Hypo and homo

89
Q

Describe a lipoma of the abdo wall

US appearance

A

Made of fat, mobile and soft on palpation, compressible

Slightly hyper to highly echogenic

90
Q

all masses are asymp. unless otherwise written

encapsulated unless otherwise written

A

/

91
Q

which benign tumor is equally common in men and women

A

myelolipoma

AB&SS2 (9 decks)

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