C2. P2

Question 1

What are the five Hindbrain functions?

Answer 1

Regulation of ANS functions, sensory nerve center, motor movement, sleep and dreaming, key connections

Question 2

Explain Regulation of ANS functions

Answer 2

Regulation of Brainstem centers manage several autonomic nervous system (ANS) survival ANS Functions
functions (e.g., adjusting heart rate; breathing; blood pressure; pupil dilation)

Question 3

Explain Sensory nerve center

Answer 3

Most cranial nerves are in the brainstem. Sensory information (e.g., facial sensations; sounds; tastes; balance) is carried here before going to the thalamus. Pain control is managed, in part, here

Question 4

Explain motor movement

Answer 4

Cranial nerves also carry motor messages for parts of the face, mouth, and tongue, as well as some reflexes (e.g., gag reflex; cough; swallow) and involuntary eye-movements. Motor messages are also sent below the neck to help smooth movements

Question 5

Explain sleep and dreaming

Answer 5

Helps Regulate sleep-wake cycle, the sleep cycle, and REM sleep. Several parts of the brainstem also prevent you from moving while you are dreaming.

Question 6

Explain key connections

Answer 6

The Brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and connects several brain centers

Question 7

How do the brainstem and thalamus work together?

Answer 7

The brainstem carries sensory information for many senses to the thalamus. It also sends motor signals down through the spinal cord and helps bring up sensory information from the spinal cord so it can be transferred to the appropriate places in the brain

Question 8

Which structures make up the brainstem?

Answer 8

Medulla, the pons, and the midbrain

Question 9

Where is the medulla located?

Answer 9

Where the spinal cord first enters the brain, the lowermost part

Question 10

What does the medulla do?

Answer 10

The medulla plays a major role in regulating and adjusting heart rate, respiratory rate (i.e., breathing), and blood pressure

Question 11

What is the decussation of the pyramids?

Answer 11

Where most of the nerves cross from the left side to the right side and vice versa. Reason for contralateral control

Question 12

Where is the pons?

Answer 12

Above the medulla and below the midbrain

Question 13

Where do cranial nerves originate?

Answer 13

The pons

Question 14

What does pons mean?

Answer 14

Bridge

Question 15

What is Locked-in syndrome?

Answer 15

The individual is fully alert and can move their eyes, but they have lost the ability to speak, move, chew, swallow, and make facial expressions. They can still move their eyes

Question 16

Why is the pons called a bridge?

Answer 16

Connects various parts of the brain with each other, the spinal cord, and cranial nerves

Question 17

Why don’t we move in our dreams?

Answer 17

The pons sends inhibitory signals which prevent muscle movement

Question 18

Where is the midbrain?

Answer 18

Above the pons

Question 19

Where do the nerves for audition connect?

Answer 19

The midbrain

Question 20

Where do the nerves for vision connect?

Answer 20

The midbrain

Question 21

Where do afferent auditory and visual nerves stop before being sent to the thalamus?

Answer 21

The midbrain

Question 22

Why do the cerebellum and midbrain work together?

Answer 22

To smooth motor movements

Question 23

Where are dopamine rich motor neurons?

Answer 23

Cerebellum

Question 24

Your grandma’s hand has been shaking, she has been falling down a lot, and she can’t move her lips as well as she could, so you take her to the doctor. After some tests, the doctor believes she has Parkinson’s Disease. What can cause that?

Answer 24

Damage to motor neurons in the cerebellum

Question 25

Your sister is very good at ballet. She can maintain her posture and make smooth, flowing motions during her dances, especially when she has to balance her legs. Where might your sister get these skills?

Answer 25

The cerebellum

Question 26

One day you decide to play piano, but your fingers will not go where you want. You focus on playing the A major scale, and after some practice you go to bed. When you play the piano the next morning, you can play the A major scale noticeably faster. Why is this?

Answer 26

The cerebellum remembers the movements though procedural memory