C2 - Chemical Structure Flashcards
What is the different sections of the earth
- Crust (solid rock)
- Mantle (semi liquid)
- Outer core (liquid)
- Inner core (solid)
What can tell us what’s under the crust and why?
P waves (goes through solid and liquids)
S waves (go through solids)
What are the observations about the plate movement?
South America and Africa have similarities:
- fossils
- shape
Give a brief explanation of how volcanoes are formed
Oceanic sun ducts under the continental. This melts causing fractures in the crust. Magma goes through cooling forming a volcano
Name the three types of rock.
- Igneous (from cooled magma)
- Sedimentary (layers of sediment held together by prolonged pressure)
- Metamorphic (heat and pressure on sediment)
Give a summary of how electrolysis is used to get pure copper.
- Pulls copper electrons of the anode making Cu(2+) ions.
- Go to the cathode as they have electrons to make copper atoms.
- At the anode there is impurities and at the cathode there is pure copper
What is the equation of what happens at the cathode in electrolysis of copper?
CU(2+) + 2e(-) > Cu
What is the equation of what happens at the anode in electrolysis of copper?
Cu > Cu(2+) + 2e(-)
What are alloys?
A mixture of a metal and another element.
Give an example of an alloy
Steel (iron and carbon)
What is a smart alloy?
If their shape is changed they are able to go back to their original shape
What is the word equation for Iron rusting?
Iron + oxygen + water > hydrated iron(III) oxide
Why do people use different materials on cars?
- best material for best job
- cheapness
- structure
What doe the pH scale show?
This shows different colours indicating its strength and if it is an acid, alkali or neutral
What has the pH between 0 and 6?
Acids
What has the pH between 8 and 14?
Alkali
What has the pH of 7?
Neutral
What is the equation of neutralisation?
Acid + base > salt + water
What is the neutralisation equation in terms of H(+) and OH(-)?
H(+) + OH(-) >< H(2)O
What does an acid and a carbonate form?
Salt + water + carbon dioxide
What does an acid and ammonia form?
Ammonium salt
What three things can be used to make fertilisers?
1) Ammonium sulphate
2) Ammonium phosphate
3) Potassium nitrate
Summarise eutrophication in rivers and lakes.
- The fertilisers wash in to the lakes
- Algae and plants grow rapidly
- Increase in population size because of more food
- Oxygen reduced in water killing animals
How do you make ammonium nitrate?
1) Add methyl orange indicator to ammonia until it turns yellow
2) Slowly add nitric acid until it turns colourless
3) To he ammonium nitrate crystals evaporate it
What is percentage yield?
The percentage of product you would get if you converted the reactants into product
What is the reaction for the harber process?
N(2) + 3H(2) >< 2NH(3)
What are the ideal conditions for the harber process?
- Pressure (high 200atm)
- Temperature (450degrees)
- Catalyst (iron)
What is the ratio of H(2) and N(2) in the harber process?
3:1
What are five factors that effect the production cost?
- Price of energy
- Cost of raw material
- Labour costs
- Equipment cost
- Rate of production
What are the optimum conditions?
Optimum conditions are those that give the lowest production cost
How do you mine for salt?
Use warm water to dissolve it underground then evaporate it to get the salt crystals
Summarise electrolysis of Brine.
1) Hydrogen gas (given off at the cathode)
2) Chlorine gas (given off at the anode)
3) Sodium hydroxide (formed in the solution)
Give the equation for what happens at the cathode in electrolysis of Brine.
2H(+) + 2e(-)
