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GCSE Chemistry > C1 - Carbon Chemistry > Flashcards

C1 - Carbon Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Name four additives and what they do.

A
  • Food colouring (more appetising)
  • Flavour enhancers (brings out taste and smell)
  • Antioxidants (preserve food)
  • Emulsifiers (help oil and water blend together)
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2
Q

What is a emulsifier molecule made us of?

A

Hydrophilic end (likes water and hates oil)

Hydrophobic tail (likes oil hates water)

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3
Q

What happens when eggs and meat are cooked?

A

PROTEINS are in these.

By heating it the chemical bonds break (DENATURES).

This makes a edible texture.

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4
Q

What happens when potatoes are heated?

A

They have a rigid cell wall, which can be digested.

When heated cell walls are heated the walls rupture.

Starch swells up and speeds out making it easier to digest.

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5
Q

What is the the word and symbol equation when baking powder is heated?

A

Sodium hydrogencarbonate > sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water

2NaHCO(3) > Na(2)CO(3) + CO(2) + H(2)O

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6
Q

How to test for carbon dioxide?

A

Use limewater and if it turns cloudy CO(2) is present.

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7
Q

How do you make an ester?

A

Acid + Alcohol > Ester + Water

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8
Q

What properties do perfumes need?

A
  • Easily evaporate (so you are able to smell it)
  • Non toxic (it will not poison you)
  • Non irritant (will not burn you)
  • Insoluble in water (will not wash off easily)
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9
Q

What is the method of making Esters?

A

1) Mix 10cm(3) of carboxylic acid(ethanoic) with 10cm(3) of alcohol(ethanol).
2) Add 1cm(3) of concentrated sulfuric acid and warm.
3) Put the mixture in 150cm(3) of sodium carbonate solution.

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10
Q

Describe the force between the particles in a solid.

A

There are strong forces which holds them in a lattice arrangement.

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11
Q

Describe the force between the particles in a liquid.

A

There are some forces meaning they are free to move and don’t keep a definite shape.

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12
Q

Describe the force between the particles in a gas.

A

Gases don’t have any forces meaning they don’t keep there shape at all.

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13
Q

Describe volatility.

A

There are weak attractions so at low temperatures the particles can evaporate easily.

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14
Q

What is a solution?

A

This is a mixture of a solute and a solvent, which do not spread out.

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15
Q

What is a solute?

A

This is the substance being dissolved.

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16
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid which the solute is dissolving in.

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17
Q

What is soluble?

A

This means it will dissolve.

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18
Q

What is insoluble?

A

This means it will not dissolve.

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19
Q

What is the solubility?

A

The measure of how much will dissolve.

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20
Q

Why is nail varnish insoluble in water?

A

There is a stronger attraction between the nail varnish than the water molecules.

21
Q

Why is nail varnish soluble in nail varnish remover?

A

There is stronger attractions between the remover than the nail varnish.

22
Q

What are pigments used for?

A

They give paints their colours.

23
Q

What are colloids (paints)?

A

A colloid consists of tiny particles which are dispersed in something else (not dissolved).

24
Q

Describe how water based paints work.

A

When the water evaporates this leaves behind the coloured pigment.

25
Q

Describe how oil based paints work.

A

When the oil is oxidised by oxygen it turns solid.

26
Q

What is the special pigment which changes colour when heated?

A

Thermochromic

27
Q

What is the special pigment which glows in the dark?

A

Phosphorescent

28
Q

What are polymers?

A

They are long chain molecules made from many monomers

29
Q

Explain what addition polymerisation is.

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are put under pressure and a catalyst to make a long chain saturated of hydrocarbons.

30
Q

Explain alkanes

A
  • single bonds (saturated)

- all have an ‘a’ (methane)

31
Q

What is the formula of alkanes?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

32
Q

Explain alkenes.

A
  • double bonds (unsaturated)

- All have an ‘e’ (ethene)

33
Q

What is the formula for alkenes?

A

C(n)H(2n)

34
Q

What do alkenes react with.

A

They can react with bromine water and it will turn this colourless

35
Q

Label the fractions from top to bottom

A

1) LPG (liquid petroleum gas)
2) Petrol
3) Naphtha
4) Kerosene
5) Diesel
6) Oil
7) Bitumen

36
Q

What kind of hydrocarbons filter off at the top and bottom of the fraction

A

Long chin molecules exit at the bottom because they have higher BP so they turn into a liquid quicker

If they have short chains then they will exit where its cooler as they have a lower BP and will turn into less quids at lower temperatures

37
Q

What does cracking do?

A

This splits up long chain hydrocarbons

38
Q

What is formed when a long chain hydrocarbons is cracked?

A

Short chain alkane and an alkene

39
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking?

A
  • Powdered catalyst (aluminium oxide)

- 400 to 700 degrees

40
Q

What does cracking do to help?

A

This helps match the supply and demand

41
Q

What is the equation of complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water

42
Q

What is the equation is incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon

43
Q

What is the evaluation of the atmosphere?

A

1) volcanoes give out steam and carbon dioxide
2) green plants evolved to produce oxygen
3) ozone layer allows evolution of complex animals

44
Q

What is the percentage of atmospheric gases?

A

78% nitrogen
0.035% carbon dioxide
21% oxygen

45
Q

Summarise the carbon cycle

A
  • respiration, combustion and decay of plants and animals add carbon dioxide and remove oxygen
  • photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide and oxygen
  • these all balance out the gases in the atmosphere
46
Q

How is acid rain cause?

A

When fossil fuels are burnt sulphur dioxide is in the air. When this mixes with clouds it turns into sulphuric acid then falls as acid rain

47
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for a catalytic converter?

A

Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide > nitrogen + carbon dioxide

2CO + 2NO > N(2) + 2CO(2)

48
Q

What should you consider when buying fuels?

A

T oxicity
E ase of use
A vailability

C ost
U sefulness
P ollution
S torage

GCSE Chemistry (4 decks)

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